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1450-THE FATHEF5LAND.-I700 



k,Am.iumi i iiU.iiumu.iii. i..i ' .i ' i i ji.iiin ' u." g«j ff i ii 'i i -na j i m i,iiiiinM iiii! uni i untnnHawtiuH- 




CHARLES V. 

EMPEROR HOLY ROM/\N EMPIRE /\ND KING 0F= SPAIN. 

'BORN PEB. 24. 1500. DIED SEPT. Zl. 1556.' 



XCbc 3f atbcr lanb : 



(1450-1700) 



SHOWING THE PART IT BORE IN 



THE DISCOVERY, EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF 

THE WESTERN CONTINENT, 



WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO 



^be Commonwealtb of Pennsylvania 



FART I. OF A NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY, 
PREPARED AT THE REQUEST OF 

xrbe penns^lvanias=(Berman Society. 



By JULIUS FRIEDRICH SACHSE, 

LIFE MEMBER HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA; 

MEMBER AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY ; 

PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY ; 

ETC., ETC., ETC. 




PHILADELPHIA. 
1897. 




^m COPIES REi 



'^En 



K^ ^ 



S w 



Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Pennsylvania-German 
Society. Edition limited to one hundred and fity copies. 
No. ^ / ■ 



Copyright, 1897, 
Bv JULIUS F. SACHSE. 

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 



.^^7 



PREFATORY NOTE. 



^^KU following monograph was prepared at the re- 
1^' quest of the Pennsylvania-German Society, as an 
introduction to a Narrative and Critical History, 
now being published by the Society, under the general 
title Pennsylvania : the German Influence on its Settle- 
ment and Development^ which is designed to bring out in 
the fullest manner all information attainable, incidental 
to the subject. 

The introductory paper here presented deals with the 
Fatherland during the period from 1450 to 1700, showing 
the part it bore in the discovery, exploration and develop- 
ment of the Western Continent, with special reference to 
the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 

]\Iany new and interesting facts and illustrations are 
here introduced to show how great a factor the German 
nation was in developing the Western Hemisphere, from 
the earliest days of its discovery until King Charles' grant 
to William Penn. How the latter strove to attract German 
emigrants to his newly-acquired province is fully shown 
from the literature of the day. 

An appendix is added, giving fac-simile title-pages of 
all books and pamphlets, so far as known, that influenced 
emigration to Pennsylvania. 

Acknowledgements are due to the lamented Frederick 
Dawson Stone, Litt. D., for advice and assistance in com- 
piling the title-pages in the appendix. We are also indebted 
to Hon. S. W. Pennypacker, of Philadelphia ; Director Hans 
Boesch, of the Germanic National Museum at Niirnberg ; 
Dr. Th. Schott, Royal Librarian at Stuttgart ; Dr. Adolf 
Buff, Stadt Archivar at Augsburg, and others at home and 
abroad for copies of rare documents and illustrations used 
in the compilation of this paper. 



LIST OF PLATES. 



Charles V 

The Behaim House at Nurnberg 

Mohammed II (the great) 

Fra Mauro's Map, A. D., 1459 .... 

Martin Behaim 

Christopher Columbus 

/ First Printed Account of Discovery 
_ Broadside, Earliest German Account 
1 Map of World from Ptolomy, 1513 

Venetian Galley (i486) 

. Martin Luther 

, Bartolomaeus Welser 

Arrival of German Expedition, 1528 . 
i Map of South America, Showing Welser Possessions 
(The Fugger House at Augsburg .... 

, Map of the Palatinate 

I Oldest Known German Newspaper 

Medal Commemorating the Peace of Westphalia 

Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden 

Oxenstierna, Swedish Chancellor 

The Quakers' Meeting at Rotterdam 

Portrait of Benjamin Furly .... 

William Penn 

fTHE Burgomaster's Wife at Schorndorff 

Julius Friedrich Sachse 



Frontispiece. 
facing page 14 

19 
22-23 
27 
33 
34 
36 
38-39 
44 
47 
55 
58 
70 
78 
86 
92 

94 
102 
no 
118 
123 
124 
141 
169 



CONTENTS. 

PART I, 

INTRODUCTION. 

Injustice to German Influence. Dr. John Matthew Otto. 
Memoir on the Discovery of America. Martin Behaim. 
The Pennsylvania- German Society. First Printer in 
America. Germans in America. 3-1 1 

AT THE CLOSE OF THE MEDIEVAL ERA. 

A Survey of the Situation. Social Conditions of Germany. 
Invention of Printing. Westphalia Tribunals. Hanseatic 
League. German Commercial Enterprise. Advent of the 
Turk. The Renaissance. Augusta Vindelicorum. El 
Dorado of Marco Polo. Regiomontanus. Junto de Mathe- 
maticos. Martin Behaim. Columbus 12-32 

DAWN OF THE MODERN PERIOD. 

Earliest Published Account of Columbus' Discovery. Fac- 
simile of Broadside. Waldzeemuller. Cosmographia 
Introductio. The Name America — its Derivation. . . 33-40 

EFFECTS OF THE GREAT DISCOVERIES. 

Financial Failure of Columbus Expedition. Portugese En- 
terprise. Germans in Portugal. East Indies. German 
Merchants in America. Luther and the Reformation. 
Charles V. German Financial Magnates. . . . 41-50 

EARLIEST ATTEMPT AT GERMAN COLONIZATION. 

German Influence in America. Emperor Charles V and 
the German Bankers. Concessions to Germans. The 
Welsers in the West Indies. Royal Grants to Ehinger. 
The First German Expedition to America. Arrival at 
Coro. Unfurling the Imperial Standard in the Western 
World. 51-64 

THE STORY OF WELSERLAND. 

Nicolaus Federman. Names of German Adventurers. 
Federman's Diary. George Hohemuth von Spier. Phillip 



vi Contents. 

von Hutten. The First Printer to Embark for America. 
Founding of Bogota. Murder of the German Commanders. 
Hispanicized Names. Venezuela. Las Casas. Vilifica- 
tion of the German — its true cause. The Lutheran Faith. 
Charges Against the Germans. Untrustworthiness of Las 
Casa's Charges. Refutation. The Welser Codex. . 65-77 

THE GRANTS TO ANTON AND HIRRONYMUS FUGGER. 
Concessions to the German Bankers. Chili a German 
Colony. Veit Horl. Encomiendas. Earliest Protest 
Against Slavery. Spanish System of Enslaving the Natives. 
Germans in Paraguay. Schmidt von Straubingen and 
Hans Stade's Accounts 78-84 

RELIGIOUS CAUSES INDUCIVE TO GERMAN EMIGRATION. 
The Reformation. Peasants War. Twelve Articles. John of 
Leyden. Council of Trent. Renewed Persecutions. Schmal- 
kaldic League. Peace of Augsburg. A Huguenot Colony. 
Oldest German Newspaper. The Revolt in Bohemia. 85-93 

THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR. 

Devastation of Germany. Great Losses. Character of 
the Troops Employed. Female Harpies. Tortures and 
Extortion. Peace of Westphalia. Effects of the Treaty. 
Decline of the German Empire 94-101 

DUTCH AND SWEDISH ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION. 
Cornelius Mey. Usselinx. Peter Minuet. Gustavus Adol- 
phus. Axel Oxenstierna. Plans for an American Colony. 
"Mercurius Germaniae." "Argonautica Gustaviana." The 
Settlement on the Delaware. Luther's Catechism in the 
Indian Tongue 102-112 

THE FRENCH WARS OF CONQUEST. 

Louis XIV and his Scheme of Aggrandizement. Invasion 
of Wiirtemberg and the Rhine Provinces. Separatists in 
Germany. Mennonites. Advent of the Quakers. Penn's 
Visits to Germany. Account of 'his Journey. Philipp 
Jacob Spener. Pietists. Penn and Furly's Tracts. Frank- 
fort Company. Crefeld Colony. Penn's Letter upon their 
Arrival at Philadelphia. Penn's Tracts and Pamphlets. 
Information for Emigrants, etc. , circulated in Germany. 
The Great Elector's Scheme for Founding a German Colony 
in America. Von Groben. Brandenburg Expedition. 
Friedrich's Berg 1 13-138 



Contents. vii 

GERMAN EMIGRATION TO AMERICA. 

Edict of Nantes. The de Maintenon. Devastation of the 
Palatinate. League of Augsburg. The Burgo Master's 
Wife at Schorndorff. The Denoument. Furly's renewed 
Efforts for Pennsylvania. Safeguards for German Emi- 
grants. Advice to Penn Regarding Slavery. . . . 139-144 

LITERATURE USED TO INDUCE GERMAN EMIGRATION. 
Penn's Missives in German, Dutch, French and English. 
Some Rare Tracts Pamphlets from Pennsylvania. Edicts 
Against the Quakers. Counter Pamphlets. Vindication 
of Penn. Descriptive Works. Anti Quakeriana. Francis 
Daniel Paslorius. Johann Seelig's Missive. Koster vs. 
Pastorius. Early Map of Pennsylvania. Justus Falckner's 
Account of the Religious Condition of the Province. . 145-169 

APPENDIX. 

Fac-similes of Title-Pages of Books and Pamphlets that 
Influenced German Emigration. 173-228 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Historical Introduction ... 3 

Medieval Student 3 

Seal American Philosophical 

Society 6 

Insignia Pennsylvania-German 

Society 7 

Earliest American Imprint . . 10 
Arms of Pennsylvania ... 11 

Headpiece 12 

Arms of Holy Roman Empire 12 

Gutenberg Press 14 

Hanseatic Arms (London) . . 16 

" " (Norway) . . 17 

" " (Bruges) . . 18 

" " (Novgorod) . 22 

Hanseatic Warehouse in . . 

London 17 

Genoa Arms 20 

Venice Escutcheon .... 21 
Astrolabe of the Ancients . . 24 
Portugal, Royal Arms ... 25 
Behaim, Commercial Seal . . 26 
Astrolabe Portable .... 27 

Jacob-staff 28 

" method of using 

Columbus, Autograph of . . 
Sea -going Vessel, XV Century 
"Compass Rose," De La Cosa 

Head Piece 

Columbus, Arms of . . 
Early German Broadside 
VValdseemiiller's Impriut 
America, Fac-Simile . . 
Globe, of Peter Apianus 

Headpiece 

Spain, Royal Arms . . 
A Lands knecht . . . 



29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
33 
34 
37 
38 
40 

41 
41 
52 



PAGE. 

Venezuela, oldest map of . . 53 

Marcus Velserus (Welser) . . 55 

Ehinger arms 56 

Ulm, Arms 57 

Niirnberg Arms 63 

Tail piece antique 64 

Headpiece 65 

Welser arms 65 

Title Indianische Historia . . 67 

Vespucci, Autograph ... 42 

Miniature de la Cosa .... 43 

Welser, Handel's Marke . . 44 

Griibel Arms 45 

Kelp. V. Sternberg Arms . . 46 

Fragment of an Indulgence . 47 

Charles V, Autogragh ... 48 

Jacobus Fugger 50 

Augsburg arms 51 

Headpiece 51 

Philip von Hutten 71 

Venezuela Arms 76 

Ancient German Press ... 77 

Headpiece 78 

Fugger Arms 78 

Hieronymus Fugger .... 79 

Antonius Fugger 81 

Chili, Arms 84 

Headpiece 85 

Peasants' War, Broadside . . 85 

"Twelve Articles," Title . . 86 

Peasants, Broadside .... 87 

Title First German Bible . . 88 

Tailpiece 93 

Headpiece 94 

Mediaeval Helmet .... 94 

Camp Scene, 30 Years' War . 96 

Arbeite und Hoffe . . . . loi 



IUusti'atio7is. 



IX 



PAGE. 

Headpiece 102 

Holland, Arms 102 

Sweden, Arms 105 

GustavusAdolphus, Autograph 106 

Mercurius Germaniae, Title . 107 

Oxenstierna, Autograph . . 108 

Argonautica Gustaviana, Title 109 
Title, Anierican-Virginske . . 

Catechism iii 

Holland, Arms of 112 

Head Piece iii 

Palatinate, Arms of . . . .113 

Amsterdam Arms 115 

Penn's MSS. Journal, Title . 118 
Penn's Letter to Countess . . 

Homes 119 



Johann Jacob Spener . . 
Benjamin Furly, Autograph 
Seal of William Penn . . 
Penn's Arms 



121 

123 

125 
126 
German Squadron to America 135 



Brandenburg Arms . . . 

Headpiece 

Wurtemberg Arms . . . 
Anti-Slavery Clause, Furly 

Headpiece 

A Ship of the Period (1694) 
Map of Pennsylvania from 

Thomas' account . . . 
Autograph of Writer . . . 



138 
139 
139 
144 

145 

158 

163 
168 



Tailpiece 168 



FAC-SIMILES OF TITLE PAGES. 



Earliest American imprint known "Manual de Adultos," Juam 

Cromberger. Mexico, 1540 10 

Indianische Historia, Nicolaus Federman. Hagenaw, 1557. . 67 

The Twelve Articles of the Peasants, 1525 86 

A sermon preached by a peasant at Werdt 87 

Das Newe Testament in Teutzsch 88 

Mercurius Germaniae, 1632 107 

Argonautica Gustaviana. Franckfurth, A. M. 1633. . . . 109 
Lutheri Catechismus Ofwersatt pa American — Virginiske Spraket 

Stockholm, 1696 iii 

Send Brieff an Die Biirgermeister und Rath der Staat Danzig, 

Amsterdam, 1678 173 

Forderung der Christenheit fiirs Gericht, Amsterdam, 1678 . . 174 
Eine Freundliche Heymsuchung in der Liebe Gottes, Amsterdam, 

1678 175 

Het Christenrijk ten Oordeel, Rotterdam, 1678 . . . .176 

Some account of the Provmce, London, 1681 177 

Eine Nachricht wegen der Landschaft Pennsylvania, Amsterdam, 

16S1 178 

Een Kort Bericht, Rotterdam, 1681. 179 

Liberty of Conscience, London, 1668 180 

Allgemeine Etd-Beschreibung, Niirnberg, i68r iSi 

Recit de L'Estat, Rotterdam, 1681 r82 

The Articles of the Free Society of Traders, London, 16S2 . . 183 
The Frame of Government of the Province of Pennsylvania. Lon- 
don, 1682. 184 

Information and Direction, London, 1682 185 

Nader Informatie, etc., 1682 186 

A brief account of the Province of Pennsylvania. London, 1682. 187 
Kurtze Nachricht Von der Americanischen Landschafft Pennsyl- 
vania, 1682 188 

Plantation work. London, 1682 189 

A Vindication of William Penn. London, 1683 190 

A Letter from William Penn. London, 1783 191 

Missive Von William Penn. Amsterdam, 1684 192 

Beschreibung der in America Neu-erfundenen Provinz Pennsyl- 
vania. Hamburg, 1684 193 



Fac-Similes of Title Pages. 



XI 



1692 



Reciiecl de Diverses, etc., a la Haye, 1684 

Eclaircissemens de Monsieur Furly. Rotterdam, 1684. 

Good Order Established in Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1685. 

Missive Van Cornells Bom. Rotterdam, 1685. 

A Further Account of the Province, London, 1685. 

Tweede Bericht ofte Relass Van William Penn. Amsterdam, 1685 

A Letter from Doctor More. London, 1687. . 

Zonder Kruys, Geen Kroon, Amsterdam, 1687. 

The Present State of His Majesties Isles and Territories in 

America. London, 1687 

L'Amerique Angloise ou Description des Isles et Terres du Roi 

D'Angleterre. Amsterdam, 1688 

Vier kleine Doch ungemeine, und Sehr niitzliche Tractiitlein, 1690 
The Frame of Government of the Province of Pennsylvania 

London, 1691 

Some Letters and an Abstract of Letters. London, 1691 

Kurtze Beschreibung des H. K. Reichs Stadt VVindsheim. Niirn 

berg, 1692. ........ 

Pastorius, Kurtze Geographische Beschreibung. Niirnberg, 
A Short Description of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1692. 
Copia Fines Send Schreibens, aus der Neuen Welt, 1695. 
An Account of W. Penn's Travails. London, 1695. 
Gerardi Croesi, Historia Quakeriana Amstelodami, 1695. 
Berhard Croesens Quaker Historie. Berlin, 1696. . 
The General History of the Quakers. London, 1696. . 
Richardi Blome, Englisches America. Leipzig, 1697. . 
Ein Send Brieff, OfTenhertziger, Liebsbezeugung. Amsterdam 
Four Boasting Disputers Rebuked. New York, 1697. . 
A Historical and Geographical Account of the Province 

Country of Pennsylvania. London, 1698. 
Die Historia Von Pensilvania, 1699. .... 

Umstiindige Geographische Beschreibung Der zu Allerletzterfun- 

denen Provintz Pensylvanae. Franckfurth and Leipzig, 1700 

Monathlicher Auszug. Hanover, 1700 

Brief aan den Koning Van Poolen. Amsteldam, 1701. 

Curieuse Nachricht Von Pensylvania. Franckfurt und Leipzig, 1702 

Abdruck Fines Schreibens aus Germanton, 1702. . 

Quiicker Greuel, 1702. . 

Umstiindige Geographische Beschreibung. Franckfurt and Leip 

zig, 1704 

Continuatio Der Beschreibung der Landschafft Pensylvansse 

Franckfurt und Leipziz, 1704. 

Dissertatio Historico, Theologica de Philtris. Rostochl, 1708. 



1697 



and 



194 

195 
196 
197 
1 98 
199 
200 
201 



203 
204 

205 
206 

207 
208 
209 
210 
211 
212 
213 
214 

215 
216 

217 

218 
219 

220 
221 
222 
223 
224 
225 

226 

227 
228 





fvy^RlTERS of 

W^ American his- 
tory have tlius far 
failed to accord to 
the German people 
anj^thing like the 
proper amount of 
credit due them for 
the part they took in 
making possible the 
voyages to the un- 
known lands in the 
west, which resulted 
in the discovery of 



this Continent. Nor do they chronicle what promi- 



4 The Fatherland 14^0-1 yoo. 

nent factors the Germans were, from the earliest days 
of Columbus down to the present time, in the ex- 
ploration, settlement and development of America, a 
name which, by the way, is of German origin ; it 
originated with a German student and was suggested 
by him, and appeared for the first time in history 
upon a German map and globe. 

Instances are extremely rare where the average 
historian has accorded any credit to the German 
people in connection with the history of this country. 
This applies with equal force to both northern and 
southern divisions of the western hemisphere. All 
matters relating to American history, which might 
redound to their glory, seem for some reason to have 
been hitherto studiously eliminated or cast aside by 
historians of all races, Latin, Celtic, British, and I 
may even say American. 

It has been repeatedly stated that Germany, of all 
the chief nations of Europe, was the only one which 
took no active part or interest in the discovery or 
early settlement of the western world. This and 
other statements of similar import, so oft repeated, 
have become accepted as truth ; and as a consequence, 
neither Germany nor her sons appear in the histories 
of the day as factors in America's early history. 
Yet notwithstanding this firmly rooted notion, as 
a matter of history it was due to the great in- 
fluence exercised by Germany and the Germans 
over the trade of the world, during this transitional 
period, more than to any other circumstance, that 
eventually led, not only to the discovery of the 



Dr. John Matthew Otto. 5 

western continent, but also to that of an ocean 
passage to India. 

The injustice of these many biased statements has 
long been felt by such historical students and inves- 
tigators at home and abroad as boast of either German 
birth or ancestry. The first person to give any prac- 
tical expression to his convictions in this country, 
and thus revive an interest in the subject, was a 
Pennsylvania-German, or more properly speaking, a 
German who had made Pennsylvania his home. It 
was Doctor Johann Matthew Otto,' one of the Mora- 
vian Brethren at Bethlehem, a well known scientist 
and medical practitioner of a century ago, and a 



1 Doctor Johann Matthew Otto, one of the Moravian Brethren at Beth- 
lehem, one of two brothers both of whom were doctors, was a surgeon 
of note, whose reputation extended far beyond the bounds of the Breth- 
ren's community in Pennsylvania. Dr. Otto was born at Meiningen, 
November q. 17 14, and studied medicine first under his father, and then 
at Augsburg. He entered into hib father's practice about 1740, but two 
years later came to America with a company of about sixty persons on 
the "snow" Irene. The party came via Holland and England, and 
reached Bethlehem on luly 8, 1750. Dr. Otto at once became known as 
a surgeon of skill, and his services were called into requisition by the 
authorities during the French and Indian war, which swept over the 
Province. His treatment of the Indian Tatamy, as well as his reports to 
Governor Denny, are matters of record. He was elected a member of 
the American Philosophical Society April 21, 1769. This was the first 
meeting held by the present Society after the union with the American 
Society, held at Philadelphia, for promoting usetul knowledge. Dr. 
Otto was stricken with paralysis, August 7, 1886, and died at Bethlehem 
two days later. The following notice appears in connection with his 
burial upon the Moravian record : "He served the congregation and 
surrounding neighbourhood for thirty-six years with great faithfulness, 
by the Lord's help performed many difficult cures and was held in high 
regard." (See Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, vol. 
iv, part 2. pp 62-64 ; also .Memorials of the Moravian Church, vol. i.) 




Seal of thk American 
Philosophical Society. 



6 The Fatherland 14^0-1 yoo. 

member of the American Philosophical Society, who 

addressed a "Memoir on the 
Discovery of America" to the 
Society in 1786 through its 
President, Dr. Benjamin 
Franklin, in which he boldly 
set forth the claims of Martin 
Behaim of Niirnberg, as a par- 
taker in the discovery of 
America.^ This paper was 
published in the "Transactions " of the Society,^ and 
attracted great attention at home and abroad. It re- 
sulted in other investigators of greater and lesser 
degree taking up the study. 

Prominent among scholars who have given their 
attention to the subject are to be found the names of 
Baron Alexander von Humboldt, Doctor F. W. 
Ghillany, City librarian of Niirnberg, Doctor Sophus 
Ruge, of Dresden, Doctor D. Th. Schott, of Stuttgart, 
the exhaustive "/vj/ Schrift " of the city of Hamburg, 
two volumes quarto, published in commemoration of 
the discovery of America by L. Friederichsen, (Ham- 



* In this paper Dr. Otto closely followed the argument of W'agenseil, 
Altdorf, 16S2. \lVagenseilii Sacra pareiitalia B. Georgia Frid. Behainio 
dicata, p.i6 etc.) See also Humboldt, Kritische Untersuchungen, vol. i, 
pp. 220-224 ; and Stuvenio Jo: Friderico, De Vera Novi Orbis Inventori, 
Dissertatio Historico-critica. Francofurti ad Moenuni, Apud Doniini- 
cant a Sande Anno, mdccxiv, 8vo. (Copy in Carter Brown Library.) 

^ Transactions, American Philosophical Society vol. ii, 17S6, pp 263- 
2S4. Memoir on the Discovery of America. (Reprinted London 1787. 
4to. ) A refutation of Dr. Otto s Memoir appeared in the Memorial literar- 
io ^Madrid, 1788, en la ImpretUa Real, Jul. p. 1784.) See V. Murr, p. 65. 



The Pennsylvania-German Society. 



burg, 1892) and finally Dr. Konrad Kretschmer's 
monumental work, with its grand atlas of fac-simile 
plates, which forms a fitting tribute from the German 
Empire of to-day to the quadri-centennial of Colum- 
bus' initial voyage.'' 

What has been said with reference to the history of 
America in general applies with equal force to that of 
our own Commonwealth, the greatest upon the west- 
em hemisphere from an industrial point of view, and 
which, of all the numerous political divisions came 
the nearest to being a German one. 

To clear up this lamentable state of ignorance and 
perverted history, at least so far 
as our own Commonwealth of 
Pennsylvania is concerned, the 
Pennsylvania-German Society, 
which is composed of men bom 
in Pennsylvania of German de- 
scent, has decreed the compila- 
tion of a new and critical history 
of the Commonwealth. Each di- 
vision or section is to be contrib- 
uted by a member who has made 
some particular epoch in our his- 
tory a special subject for study. 
In the carrying out of this laud- 
able project, the writer has been requested to con- 
tribute a paper, which is to form the introductory 




Insignia of the Pennsyl- 
vania-German Society. 



♦ Festshrift der Gesellschaft fiir Erdkunde zu Berlin zur 400 Jiihrigen 
Feir der Endeckung Americas. 



8 The Fatherland 14^0- lyoo. 

chapter of the new work. The theme given him is : 
"The Fatherland," showing the part it bore in the 
(iiscover3^ exploration and development of the West- 
em Continent. 

Now to comply with this task, I propose to go back 
to the pre-Columbian period, and in a concise manner 
to trace the political, social, commercial and religious 
changes from the time the Turk first obtained a foot- 
hold on European soil down to the period when Ben- 
jamin Furly, as William Penn's trusted agent at 
Rotterdam, turned the stream of German emigration 
Pennsjdvania-wards,'^ a movement which resulted in 
the settlement of so large a portion of this fair 
province by our ancestry, where the various races 
united, settled, intermarried, and brought forth that 
sturdy race known all over this country for their in- 
dustry, intelligence and thrift, — the "Pennsylvania- 
Germans." 

I will also show you, in the course of my essay, 
how it was that nautical instruments, the result of 
German ingenuity, made it possible for the Genoese 
sailor to launch out beyond the sight of shore and 
traverse the wide ocean and the Sargasso sea, until he 
dropped anchor beside land which he imagined to be 
an outlying part of Asia. 

Then as to the early settlement of the country, if 
the proper records could be found, they would show 
without a doubt that a number of the early naviga- 



5 See Penna Mag. of History and Biography, vol. xix, pp. 277-305 ; 
also German Pietists of Pennsylvania, pp. 433 et seq. 



The First Printer in America. 9 

tors were Germans^ whose identity is now concealed 
under a Latinized or Hispanicized name, and that 
German industry and enterprise were well repre- 
sented in both sections of the hemisphere. 

As an illustration at this point I will merely touch 
upon two incidents : 

Firstly, to tell you that, the first printer to embark 
for the new world was a German, who left Europe in 
1534, his destination being an established German 
colony in America. This was fully six years prior 
to the venture of Jakob Cromberger, (Corumberger) 
also a German, to whom is usually accorded the 
honor of having introduced the art of printing into 
the western world. The oldest known specimen from 
the Cromberger press, a ^''Manual de Adult os^^ bears 
the imprint 1540, 'V?/ la gran ciiidad de Mexico. . . . 
En Casa de Juam Cromberger.^'' A fac-simile of 
which is here reproduced. 

His second work, ''An account of the great Earth- 
quake in Guatemala" bears the legend ^''Impresa en 
casa de Juam Cromberger^ ^54^-^^ 

Secondly, let me ask how many students of Ameri- 
can lore are aware that in the earliest days of our 
history, for a term of twenty years and over, one of 
the choicest portions of Spain's continental posses- 
sions in America was controlled, governed, settled, 



6 Several German Jews are known to have been with Columbus, on 
his first voyage. They were taken as interpreters, and in addition to the 
European tongues were versed in Hebrew, Chaldaic and Arabic. See 
VVeltanschaungdes Columbus, (Dresden 1S76,) p. 21; also Die Endeckung 
Amerikas (Munich, 1859,) p. 79, 



lo The Fatherland 14^0-1 yoo. 



;iM adlcctorcmTacri baptsffmimini 



i(?v»e* 



atb5apti5an'quiliberindu0l?abert 

©u"CBP'^oberceup9mael€mt?ta.doc€rf5 



indu!u0ignanj0rerc^quater^mifer: 

f^ilcmaib'^^fa*teix:£!€ge»di!icefrb2um: 
1K8!mm^obfcuru:nUmagt;eftiiirfdiim* 

©fplicif docrecB 6dic modo^afc^^cut^ 
iiddo€luirogamc^ prulabundcpauav 



C5iTi pjimiofe efle jQ^nufil oe gfoultos en !a gr a ciubab ;J 

po0'5(anueua£rp9navafuo€j:pera0:encara6%§^rom/ 
bcrtjer.ano 61 nacimieto 6 micnro ffn02 Jcfu Cipifto 6m(ll 
tqumi§co0£quQr€ta.2l.j:iij.Oiaedlmc9O®23ubic. 

Pac-Simile of the ^akliest American Imprint Known. 



Arms of Pennsylvania. 



II 



explored and developed by Germans and under Ger- 
man supervision. Yet such is an historical fact, as I 
shall proceed to prove, not only to your satisfaction, 
but also, I trust to that of other critics. 




Arms of the State of Pennsylvania, 



^y s wa aw iwawu^iaaMUB iWJ^ 




AT THE CLOSE OF THE MEDIEVAL ERA. 




(S 



SURVEY of the 
political situation of 
continental Europe at the 
middle of the XVth cen- 
tury, presents a condition 
of comparative peace. 
Frederick III of the Aus- 
trian dynasty of Haps- 
burg, and the last em- 
peror who was crowned at 
Rome, was on the Imper- 
ial throne of Germany ; 
Constantine II was upon the Imperial throne of the 
eastern Empire at Constantinople. Thomas di Sar- 
zano (Parentucelli) as Nicolas VI, occupied the Papal 
Chair at Rome. Charles VII was the acknowledged 
ruler of France ; Henry VI was king of England. 
The first Christian held sway over Denmark, Norway 
and Oldenburg ; Casimir III was king of Poland ; 



Arms of the Holy Roman Empire. 



Social Conditions of Germany. 13 

James II ruled Scotland; and in the far East, 
Mohammed II succeeded Amurat as Sultan of the 
Turks. 

As to the social conditions of Germany during this 
period, the chief aims of the German nation at large 
were the extension of their commerce, a revival of 
learning,"'' and a release from narrow bonds, both re- 
ligious and political. Two great factors appear op- 
portunely at this time, to aid them in their efforts 
toward the coveted ends viz,: — the invention of 
printing,^ and the improvements in making paper.^ 

It was in the year 1455 that Gutenberg completed 
his first great work. The effect of this invention was 



6» It was about this time that the first mention of private schools 
appears in German History. These schools were separate and distinct 
from the various Kloster-Schuhn and were established by the laity, who 
engaged teachers, not in monastic orders. Vide Beitrdge zur Geschichte 
des ScJmhuesens. Von Julius Hans. Zeit Schrift des Historischen 
Vereinsfur Schzuaben und Newburg, vol. ii, p. loi, etc. 

' The invention of printing, as we now use the term, dates from 
the discovery and use of movable wooden and metal types by the Ger- 
mans Gutenberg, Faust and Schoffer (i 440-1460) during which years 
the Bible was printed by them and the process of casting type was per- 
fected. For earlier attempts at printing, see Knight's Mechanical 
Dictionary, pp. 1789, etc. Article Printing. The Chinese invented print- 
ing some 900 years before the Germans, and their art was described in 
Persian books. Had these books reached Europe earlier than they did, 
we should have learnt to print from the Chinese, instead of having to 
invent it for ourselves. 

» The improvement in the making of paper here alluded to consisted 
in the use of linen rags for the purpose, and a method for pulping the 
fiber by beating. The first paper-mill in Europe for making paper from 
linen rags was established at Niirnberg in Germany by Ulman Strother as 
early as 1390. This mill was operated by two rollers, which set in 
motion eighteen stampers, a method which continued in use for over 
four centuries. 



14 



The Fatherland 14^0-1 joo. 




a widespread one, and was not confined by the bounds 
of the Fatherland, but rapidly extended into adjoin- 
ing countries, where in every case it was introduced 
by German craftsmen. 

Gutenberg's invention was more than a mere 
mechanical triumph. It caused 
a rent in the veil of ignorance, 
so great that it was forever torn 
asunder, and opened to the 
average man the field of learn- 
ing and literature, as at the 
same time it sealed the downfall 

Gutenberg Press. of mOUaStic aud ScholaStic CX- 

clusiveness forever. 

How important a factor Germany was in the sub- 
sequent enlightening of the world, is shown by the 
fact that the earliest printing-presses in every coun- 
try were manipulated by German craftsmen. Even 
the first English book, Caxton's The Recuyell of the 
Histories of Troy^ was first printed upon a German 
press, by German printers aud upon German soil.^ 

Various organizations or leagues of the larger 
communities or cities had sprung into existence from 
time to time, having for their object a betterment of 
the condition of the educated classes, and mutual 
protection against the oppression and exactions of 
the nobility. One of the noted examples of this 
movement was the establishment of that dreaded 



8 A folio printed at Cologne, in 1471, at the request of Margaret of 
Vork, the wife of Charles the duke of Burgundy 



1450-THE FATHERLAND-1700. 




THE "BEliAin" HOUSE AT NURNBERC. 
SHOWING MURAL FAmTlNQS. 

(fROn PHOTOORflTH PURNISMED BY QERMANISCMES NATIONRL nUSEUHJ 



The Vehm-Gericht, 15 

secret Tribunal in Westphalia, known as the Vehm- 
gericht/*^ before whose mandates even the most un- 
scrupulous nobles were apt to quail. 

The most powerful organization, however, a 
strictly commercial one, and the most widespread 
and firmly united one in the old world of which we 
have any record, — was the Hauseatic League,^^ which 
virtually dates back to the middle of the Xlllth cen- 
tury. This was a commercial alliance or union be- 
tween certain cities of Germany for the extension of 
their trade and for its protection, not only against 
freebooters at sea, but against government exactions, 
demands of petty rulers, and the rapacity of the rob- 
ber barons. Other objects of this celebrated league 



^^ The Vehm-gericht ( Femgericht or Fem-court) was a criminal court 
of Germany in the Middle Ages, which took the place of the regular 
administration of justice (then fallen into decay) especially in criminal 
cases. These courts originated and had their chief jurisdiction in 
Westphalia, and their proceedings were conducted with the utmost 
secrecy. This system of secret tribunals was most terrible to noble 
malefactors during the 14th and 15th centuries. The last general Vehm- 
gericht was held at Zell, in the year 1568. 

^^ The Hanseatic League dates from the middle of the 13th century. 
A confederacy was formed of the cities of Hamburg and Liibeck, to mu- 
tually defend each other against all violence, and particularly against the 
attacks of the nobles This confederacy was shortly joined by other 
German cities, until the League consisted of no less than eighty-five 
cities and communities. About the same time four great factories or 
depots were established in foreign countries : at London, in 1220 ; at 
Bruges, in 1252 ; at Novgorod, in 1272 ; and at Bergen, in 1278. Diets 
were held at stated intervals by the League, which exercised judicial 
power at home and a strict discipline over its connections abroad. The 
laws prescribed to the agents of the English fur companies in America, 
such as the Hudson Bay Company, were patterned after those of the 
Hanseatic factories. The last Diet of the Hansa was held at Liibeck in 
1630, when the old confederation was dissolved. 



i6 



The Fatherland 14^0-iyoo. 




Hanseatic Arms. 
(London.) 



were the prevention of piracy and shipwreck, the in- 
crease of agricultural 
products, a develop- 
ment of the fisheries, 
the mining industry 
and the manufactures 
of Germany ;'^ in fact, 
everything calculated 
to increase the wealth 
and importance of the 
nation. 

One of the chief re- 
sults of the wise policy 
pursued by the Han- 
seatic League was the fact that everywhere through- 
out the known world the German merchants and 
traders became famous for their probity and enter- 
prise. The influence of the I^eague extended to 
England, Sweden, Russia and the lesser countries ; 
and by the perfection of its organization and co-oper- 
ation with the Venetians, the merchants of Germany 
at the period under consideration may be said to have 
controlled the trade of Europe, if not of the world.^^ 

It is true that the Venetians and Genoese had a 
monopoly of the Mediterranean and Oriental trade, 
and virtually controlled Constantinople, then still the 
capital of the tottering Byzantine empire, and, like 
Alexandria, one of the great centres for East Indian 



'"Robertson's India (London, 1791, ) p. 120. 
>■' Ibid. 



Germa7t Commercial E7iterprtse. 17 




4^^!^ 



"The Steel-yard" Warehouses of the German Merchants in London, 
IN XVI Century. 



products. But it must 
not be overlooked that 
a continuance of their 
commercial prosperity 
depended almost en- 
tirely upon the Ger- 
man nation and Han- 
seatic League. It was 
from the mines in 
northern Germany 
whence came the gold 
and silver needed for 
their barter with 




Hanskatic Arms. 
(Bergen, Norway.) 



1 8 The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 yoo. 

India/'* while the Hansa distributed the goods thus 
obtained ; first by land carriage, and again reshipping 
them from nothern ports. Then in return the 
Hansa suppied the Venetians and Genoese with the 
naval stores needed to build and maintain their fleet 
upon the Mediterranean. 

Such was the condition of Continental Europe fifty 
years prior to the ad- 
vent of the Columbian 
era ; — c omparative 
quiet reigned over the 
major part of the land ; 
manufacturers and 
commerce flourished ; 
wealth was accumu- 
lated by legitimate 
means ; and the mer- 
chant and patrician, 
and not the feudal 
baron, were the mighty 
power throughout the land. 

Scarcely, however, had the century passed into its 
latter half, when a disturbing element appeared on 




Hanseatic Arms. 
(CoMTOiR AT Bruges.) 



" Robertson's India, p. 120. The gold and silver mines in ihe var- 
ious provinces ot Germany were the most valuable and productive 01 
any known at that time in Europe. See Zimmermann's Political Survey 
of Europe p. 102. The prosperity ol these mines, mainly in the vicinity 
ol Freiberg, continued until the influx of American silver fro? Mexico 
caused the price of silver to fall so low that the German mines ceased to 
be productive. This misfortune was hastened by the numerous wars, 
notably that known as the Thirty Years' War. See Festschrift zum 100 
jiihrigen Jubilaeum der Koniglichen Berg Academie zu Freiberg, 1866. 




Mohammed II. (The Great). 
Born, 1430. Died, 1481. 



The Capture of Constantinople. 19 

tlie Bosporus, whicli was destined to affect the 
whole political situation of Europe, and at the same 
time bring about the greatest changes in commercial 
circles, — an event which stimulated a series of voy- 
ages and eventually led to the discovery of the West- 
ern world. 

This event was the capture of Constantinople, 
after a heroic defence under the German Germani- 
cus'^ by the Sultan Mohammed 11^^ in 1453, whereby 
the Turk not only obtained a foothold in Europe, but 
was at the same time in a position to control the 
most lucrative trade of the Mediterranean." 

The immediate effect of this Moslem occupation, 
so far as we are concerned, was two-fold : firstly, the 
expulsion, by the Turks, of the Grecian scholars 
who fled to Italy and Germany, and there obtained a 
foot-hold in the various universities of the two coun- 
tries, bringing about, as we all know, the Renais- 



1* Johannes Germanicus (Johann der Deutsche,) a German soldier and 
scientist, who was the engineer in charge of the defences of Constanti- 
nople during this memorable siege. He successtully defended the sea 
approaches by aid of a monster chain, and by countermines foiled the 
Turks in their attempts to blow up the walls of the city. It was by the 
ingenuity of this brave German that the breaches made by day were 
successfully repaired by night, and for so many days the Cross defied 
the Orescent. 

1" Mahomet II, emperor of the Turks, succeeded his father Amurath 
in 1451. He was a warrior and religious fanatic. He had sworn to ex- 
terminate the Christian religion ; and in attempting to carr>' out his oath 
he subdued two empires, twelve tributary kingdoms, and 200 towns, 
and was preparing to subjugate Italy when he died in 14S1 after 
a reign of 31 years. His death caused a rejoicing throughout the 
whole Christian world. 

" Robertson's India, p. 128. 



20 



The Fatherland i^^^o-iyoo. 




sance and tlie Reformation. Secondly, the capture 
of Constantinople effected the expulsion of the 

Genoese from the Le- 
va n t ; a circumstance 
which while it proved 
the downfall of Genoa 
as a commercial centre, 
was yet destined to in- 
crease the influence, com- 
merce and wealth of its 
rivals, the Venetians, 
who, by greater foresight 
ARMS OF GENOA, A. D. 1450. ^^ g^^^ fortuuc, had se- 

cured favorable treaties with the Sultan of Egypt, 
and became for the time being masters of the Medi- 
terranean and of the commerce of the Indies. 

The fortunes of the Venetians were so closely al- 
lied with those of the German merchants and Hansa, 
which united the north and south of Europe in com- 
mercial bonds^^ that German mercantile circles ex- 
perienced an equal era of prosperity with their as- 
sociates of Venice. ^^ Great fortunes were amassed 
by some of the German mercantile towns and their 
citizens.^ A notable instance was that of the city of 
Augsburg, the Augusta Vindelicorum of old, whose 



^8 Robertson's India, p. 125. Robertson says : "In some cities oi Ger- 
many, particularly Augsburg, the great mart for Indian commodities in 
the interior parts of that extensive country, we meet with early ex- 
amples of such large fortunes accumulated by mercantile industry as 
raised the proprietors of them to high rank and consideration in the 
Empire." 

i» Ibid, p. 125. 



Augusta Vmdelicortim. 



21 



magnificent Town- 
hall with its golden 
ceil in g,*^^ is still 
shown to attest its 
former greatness and 
commercial glory. 

The great fortunes 
amassed by the Ven- '^ ^i 
etians^^ naturally ex- ^ |^S^^^fcj^^ 
cited the envy and pf :^M1^^^^| 
jealousy of other 



maritime nations, 
and the f ab ulous 
riches of the Indies 
formed the chief 




Escutcheon of the Republic of Venice. 



dream of the various rulers of countries bordering 
upon the seas. This feeling was heightened by the 



2" The most prominent among these merchants were the establish- 
ments of the "Welser-Geselschaft" and the firm of Raimund and Anton 
Fugger. 

''I The Golden Hall {Golden Saal) of the Rathhaus at Augsburg is still 
shown as one of the town sights. This hall, the second story of the 
Rathhaus, is a large room 32.65 metres long, 17-33 metres wide, and 
14.22 metres high. It is lighted by no less than sixty windows. Its 
chief beauty consists in thi- fine panelled ceiling, richly carved and 
heavily gilded. It is also embellished with numerous symbolical and 
allegorical paintings. This ceiling is so called a flying ceiling, being 
suspended from the roof-timbers hy heavy chains. Many fine paintings 
and relics are to be seen in the Saal and the four Furstenzimmer adjoin- 
ing- 

22 Towards the end of the fifteenth century, Venice was the nchest and 
most honored community in Europe, it exercised a powerful influence 
in the commercial as well as in the political world ; and it may be well 
said that her inhabitants comprised the most civilized people on earth. 



22 



The Fatherland i^^o-iyoo. 



glowing accounts o f 
Cathay and the Island 
of Zipango related by 
Marco Polo,^^ fragment- 
ary extracts of which 
appeared and were cir- 
culated in manuscript 
even before the art of 
printing was dis- 
covered.^^^ 

One of the chief 
aims of all navigators 
was to find a way to 
reach by water, the El-Dorado described by Marco 
Polo. The great obstacle in the way, however, of 
maritime exploration was the lack of any method 
by which the navigator could tell where he was 




Hanseatic Arms. 
(Novgorod Russia.) 



among whom flourished all the arts and sciences. The wealth accumu- 
lated by some of her citizens was phenomenal, and was approached only 
by that of a few German merchants, who were in contact with both the 
Genoese and the Hansa. 

^* Marco Polo, the celebrated traveller, was the son of a Venetian mer- 
chant, who, with his brother, had penetrated to the court of Kublai, the 
great Khan of the Tartars. This prince sent them back as his ambassa- 
dors to the Pope. Shortly afterwards the two brothers, accompanied by 
two missionaries and the young Marco, returned to Tartary, and re- 
mained there for seventeen years, visiting China, Japan, several of the 
East Indian islands, Madagascar and the coast of Africa. The three 
Venetians returned to their native country in 1295, with immense wealth. 
Marco afterwards served in the wars against the Genoese, and being 
taken prisoner, remained many years in confinement, the tedium ol 
which he beguiled by composing the history of the travels of his father 
and himself, under the title of ''Delle Maraviglie del Mondo da lid 
vedute, <2fc.'" He ultimately regained his liberty; but of his subsequent 
history nothing is known. 




Tra Maurp's 
Weltkarte lion T13D 

( On^iiial inVfncdig> 

Laii^riiu.aaftslHb Moilrs 

(Kiiinals. 



FRA nAURO'5 MAP OF '■ 



SIZE ONE-TEN 
(from RUQE'S zeithlters der entdeckunoen.) 




Die Orientn^nij drsOrupnaliiil umj/rArlm, 
yimltn.MUlm,Ja}icrinJi,:feriinrhSJStji<rl 
^etniichien Copif dir Contuurm ^enuu r* ■ 
ilunrt.ilie Cfliryf abn- ih'Jn lluirtiktrr 
ihsOrii/iiinh- nuruhuliclt uini Jif 
ShidU- Ml Xti llf derjjil^jietiiriixlirn 
Zn'rSttttnycn tirs Oni/iitnlsdiurh Sii/- 
tinfiirvn tiin/i't^i*Jffn vtn/i 



i|E WORLD, VENICE, lA-59 



Regiomonianus. 23 

when out of sight of land. This problem was not 
solved until the German mathematician, Johannes 
Miiller (Regiomontanus)^ of Konigsberg, calcu- 
lated his Ephemerides,^^ and Martin Behaim of 
Niimberg, perfected the astrolabe."^ 

This brings us down to the last quarter of the 
XVth century. Portugal, under the wise reign of 
Henry, the Navigator, had gradually forged its way into 
the foremost rank of sea-faring nations, and was now 



^^ Marco Polo's Travels, a folio edition ol this work was published in 
German at Niirnberg by Fritz Creusner as early as 1477. This was fol 
lowed by another edition by Anton Sorg, at Augsburg, 1481. 

'•'* Regioniontanus, (Camillus Johannes Miiller) b. at Konigsberg, 
Franconia, in 1436. He studied at Leipsic, and then placed himself 
under Purbachius, professor of mathematics at Vienna. Later he be- 
came one of the most noted astronomers and mathematicians ot his day. 
In 1471-1475 he sojourned at Niirnberg, where he built an observatory 
and established a printing-press, both under the patronage and by the 
aid of a wealthy patrician named Bernhard Walther, the local representa- 
tive of the celebrated Welser firm of Augsburg. Here Regiomontanus 
printed the first German Almanac in 1474, calculated for the year 1476; 
the price for which was twelve golden gulden each. But five copies are 
known at the present day. His most important contribution to science 
was the publication ot his astronomical observations, 1475-1506, under 
the title Ephemerides or Nautical Almanac. Notwithstanding the high 
price of twelve ducats per copy, the edition was soon exhausted. Among 
his many works, the most valuable are: Calettdarium ; De Reformatione 
Calendarii; Tabula magna prima Mobilis ; De Cometce 3Tagnitudijie 
Longitudineque ; De Triangulis. He also simplified the astrolabe and 
the meteoroscope, and suggested various instruments for the use of navi- 
gators. Regiomontanus died in 1476 by poison administered by a 
jealous scientist. 

'5 Ephemerides, in astronomy, a collection of tables showing the 
present state of the heavens for every day at noon ; that is, the places 
wherein all the planets or heavenly orbs are found at that time. 

* An instrument formerly used lor taking the altitude ol the sun or 
stars at sea. The instrument by that name used by the ancients w£is 
similar to the modern armillary sphere. 



24 



The Fatherland 14^0-1 yoo. 



under the sway of King John II, an enlight- 
ened Prince, who 
planned new expedi- 
tions of discovery to 
sail south along the 
western coast of 
Africa.^'^ These ven- 
tures, in which the 
German merchants and 
the Hansa were well 
represented b y men, 
vessels , and ship 
stores,"^ were conducted 
with ardor and scien- 
tific method. 

To improve the study 
of navigation, King John established, prior to 148 1, 
the celebrated Junta de Mathematicos^ a board or 
commission of scientific men to examine the different 
nautical instruments, almanacs, calculations and 
maps of the period, and report upon their utility. 

This commission consisted of Don Diego Ortiz, 
Bishop of Ceuta and Calcadilha,'^ together with 




Astrolabe of the Ancients. 



" The chief rulers of Europe at that period were : Friedrich III, Em, 
peror of Germany; Alexander VI, Pope; Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain, 
Naples and Sicily ; Charles VIII, France ; Henry VII, England ; Jo- 
hannes Albertus, Poland ; James IV, Scotland ; Vladislaus, Hungary 
and Bohemia •, Bajazet II. Sultan of Turkey ; Johannes, Denmark and 
Norway. 

'^^ Kunstmann, Deutsche in Portugal. (Miinchen) — Ruge Endeckungs- 
gescliichte der Neuen Welt. pp. 33-34. (Hamburg 1892.) 

^ Don Diego Ortiz was Bishop of Ceuta, but by contemporary writers 



The Junta de Mathematicos. 



25 



the king^s two physicians in ordinary, Rodrigo^" 

and Josef Judio (an 
Israelite) and the 
German cosmog- 
rapher, Martin Be- 
haim,^** a pupil of 
Reg iomontanus, 
whose reputation as 
a mathematician and 
astronomer had pre- 
ceded him. The 
three latter were 




R-oYAL Arms of Portugal. 



is usually called Doctor Calcadilha, as he was a native of Calcadilha in 
Galizia. It was he who, after Rodrigo and Josef had officially de- 
nounced Columbus's scheme as a negocio fabnloso, advised King John II, 
to secretly avail himself of the scheme disclosed by Columbus. Hum- 
boldt, vol. i, p. 232. 

*° Evidently Maestre Rodrigo Faleiro or Falero, an astronomer ot 
note. Barrow Voyages, &c. London, 1818, p 28. 

^"* Martin Behaim (Behain or Beheini, Martin von Bohmen, Martinus 
Bohemus, M. Boheimo, Martin de Bohemia), the celebrated German 
cosmographer, was a member of the ancient Bohemian family of 
Schwarzbach, and was born at Niirnberg, according to some writers in 
the year 1430, but more probably in 1436 (according to Navarrete, the 
same year in which Columbus was born.) According to Humboldt he 
was a descendant of Matthias Behaim, who in 1343 made the first MS. 
translation of the Bible into the German language (copy still preserved 
at Leipzig) and of Michael Baheim, one of the noted Meistersiinger in 
1421 Little is known of Behaim's youth. He appears to have been in 
the cloth trade, and in the interests of his house travelled to Venice in 
1457. In i477-'79 we find him in Mechelen Antwerp and Vienna 
( Regiomontanus sojourned in Niirnberg, 1471-1475.) From 1480 to 1484, 
we find Behaim at Lisbon, where Columbus then was. In i486 to 1490, 
he was at Fayal. and there married the daughter of Stadthalter Jobst 
von Hurter (jobst Dutra) who was governor of the Flemish colony 
there. He returned to Niirnberg, 1491-1493, where he constructed his 



i6 



The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 joo. 



constituted a sub-committee with the special injuuc- 
t i o n to discover .^^^^^ some sure method 



of navigating the 
the ahitude of the 
math em atica 1 
struments suitable 




seas according to 
sun^^ and construct 
and nautical in- 
for the purpose. ^^ 



. Commercial Seal . 

It was upon this of martin behaim occasion that Be- 
haim brought to the notice of the Portuguese the 
celebrated calculations and tables of his former tutor, 
Regiomontanus,^ which had been printed at Niirn- 
berg as early as 1474.^^^ He also here produced his 
improved astrolabe,"''^ which was of metal, and could 
be attached in a vertical position to the main-mast of 
a vessel.^ This was the first application of the 



famous Globe. In 1494, he went to France, and thence to Fayal, where 
he appears to have remained until 1506. Returning to Lisbon, he died 
there, July 29, 1507. 

'^' Dr. Sophus Ruge, Geschichte des Zeitalters der Endeckungen, 
(Berlin, 1881,) p. 98. Also Ghillany, Geschichte des Seefahrers Ritter, 
Martin Behaim, (Niirnberg 1853,) p. 53 

^'^ Der Verdienst Martin Baheim, (Dresden 1866,) p 59. 

^^ Von Murr, (Diplomatische Geschichte) questions the statement that 
Behaim was a scholar of either Regiomontanus or Bercalden, hut is 
forced to acknowledge that he was well versed in mathematics and the 
science of navigation before he came to Lisbon, and that so far history 
is correct in stating that the fortunate discovery of the application ol the 
Astrolabe to navigation gave him the reputation of a leading cosmog- 
rapher v. Murr, pp 68-69.) 

*•** The first edition of Regiomont;tnus's German Almanac was printed 
from wooden blocks. In later editions, printed in both German and 
Latin, and in his Ephemerides in 1475, moveable types were used. 
Gelcich, "Liisung der Behaim Frage" (Hamb. Festschrift, vol. i, p. 74 ) 

** Die Verdienste Martin Behaim, (Dresden, 1866,) p. 61. 

''^ See Die wissenschaftliche Bedeutung des Regiomontanus (Dresden, 
1866,) p. 63; also Humboldt, Ex. Critique, vol. i, pp. 234-5. 



li(.50-THE FATh'ERLAND-1700. 




1 


jfi 


11'. 


]■] 




d 


J 






><)■ : *^ ^ 




















■•^t 













'.\ 



FH'' 






nARTlN BEHAin. 

(born \i\Z9. died JULY 29, 1506.) 



The Astrolabe of Behaim. 



27 



portable astrolabe to navigation, and together with 

the Jacobstaff,^^ also 
introduced by B e - 
haim,^^ taught the 
sea-farer how to dis- 
cover the position of 
a vessel at sea with- 
out the use of the 
magnetic needle, and 
long and intricate 
calculations. It was 
the introduction of 
these nautical in- 
struments into Port- 
ugal ,^^ together with 

Portable Astrolabe of Martin Behaim. fVip tables of Rc^'io- 

montanus which gave the navigators of that land so 




*" Gelcich, in his "Losung der Behaim Frage," states : 
"Es wird sich moglicherweise herausstellen, dass der deutsche Fach- 
mann, wenn nicht durch Einfiihrung des Jakobsstabes, so doch in 
anderer Weise. zu den schon angefiihrten noch wesentliche Dienste der 
Schiffahrt leistete " Hamburger Festschrift, vol. i. 

^« According to Fournier, (Hydryographie, ed. 1643) the Junto and 
more especially Behaim in the first instance, improved the nautical in- 
struments of the period by the introduction of smaller portable astro- 
labes, and by furnishing mariners with tables of the sun's declination. 
Upon referring to any date these tables would furnish the requisite data, 
to obtain which it was formerly necessary to enter into long and difficult 
calculations. 

•" Shortly after the formation of the Junto de Mathematicos, Martin 
Behaim was commissioned to return to his native city of Niirnberg, and 
have the necessary nautical instruments made, and to obtain a number 
of copies of Regiomontanus's new Ephemerides. Upon his return to 
Portugal he was sent with Cao as cosmographer, to submit the new in- 
struments to a practical test. (Ruge, Hamburg, 1892.) 



28 The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 joo. 

great an advantage over their rivals. ^^ Colum- 
bus, wlio was at that time a resident of Lisbon,^^ 
was well acquainted with the German Behaim 
and his mathematical research ; and it is an un- 
questionable fact that the success of the Portuguese in 
discovering the Atlantic Islands, and of Behaim's 
voyage down the African coast,*" sustained Columbus 




The Jacobstaff. 

in the hope of western discovery, if indeed it had not 
instigated him/^ 

Leaving out all claims that Martin Behaim had 
made any previous voyage to America,*^ and confining 



^^ According to Humboldt (Examen Critique^ the Astrolabe of Behaim 
was a simplification of or improvement of the meteoroscope of Regio- 
montanus. 

^^ According to Dr. Ruge, Columbus first proposed his voyage ot 
western discovery to King John of Portugal, about the year 1483, when 
his proposition was laid before the Commission de Mat'ematicos who 
reported adversely. The king, however, notwithstanding their report, 
was inclined to enter into the scheme of Columbus, had not the extra- 
ordinary demands made by the latter in the event of success precluded 
him from entering into negotiations so exacting with one who was a 
poor and unknown foreigner. (Zeitalter der Endeckung, pp. 231-2 ) 

*" See Behaim's Entdeckungs-Reise an der Afrikanischen Kiiste mit 
Diogo Cao. (Ghillany, Geschichte, etc., pp. 41-51.) 

" See Winsor, vol. ii, p. 35 ; Humboldt, Cosmos, English translation, 
vol. ii. p. 662. 

*' The claim of Martin Behaim rests upon a page in the Latin text of 
the Niirnberg Chronicle, which states that Cao and Behaim having 



German Ingenuity. 



29 




Method for Using the Jacobstaff. 
(From Cosmographia Petri Apiani et Genomae Frisii. Antwp. 1584.) 

myself to incontrovertible facts alone, it will be seen 
that when finally the dream of Colnmbns was real- 
ized, under the patronage of Ferdinand and Isabella, 
it was made possible only by the aid of three great 



passed the Equator, turned west and (by implication) found land, and 
thus discovered America. This claim, in the light of modern investiga- 
tion, is not sul)stantiated, as the passage referred to does not appear in 
the German edition of the same year ; and on reference to the manu- 
script of the book (still preserved in Niirnberg) the passage is found to 
be an interpolation written in a different hand. It seems likely to have 
been a perversion or misinterpretation of the voyage of Diego Cao down 
the African coast in 1489, wherein he was accompanied by Behaim. 
That Behaim himself did not put the claim forward, at least in 1492, 
seems to be clear from the globe, which he made in that year, and 
which shows no indication of such a voyage. 



30 



The Fatherland 1450-1700. 




Sailing Craft of the Period. 



31 



factors, all of German origin:'^ The astrolabe of 
Behaim, the mariner's compass from the old German 
town of Niirnberg, and the Ephemerides of Joseph 
Miiller. 




Sea-Going Vessel, at Close of XV Century. 

It is not knowoi to a certainty whether there were 
any German adventurers in the original Columbus 



*3 As a matter of fact, all the great navigators, Columbus, Gama, 
Magalhaens, owe their success to the improved German instruments of 
navigation. (Ruge, Berlin, 1 88 1, p. 106.) 



32 



The Fatherland 1450-1^00. 



expedition or not.^^ Of the many private expeditions, 
however, which left Spain ^'^ and Portugal after the 
year 1495, the greater number were either projected 
or fitted out by the merchants of Germany or the 
Hanseatic League, and German adventurers bore no 
minor part. 

It is a curious fact that both Columbus and Ves- 
pucci should die without knowing that they had dis- 
covered a new hemisphere ; — both lived and died in 
the firm belief that they had but found the extreme 
eastern point of Asia. 



** See foot note No. 6 supra. 
*^ Winsor, vol. ii, p 132. 




Compass "Rose" ©n de la Cosa's Map, 
A. I>. 1500. 



14-50-THE FATtiERLAND-1700. 



]M[lgJ3M[!:''l'!I'!tM[ill:lL^!liPP^ 




^ Yirrcyy Govcnmdor 

;: su Dcscubrulor 




General '"^^ 1 iv^nclii-Ls, 
^■ C'oilc 



CHRlSTOrHER COLUFiBUS. 

AFTER THE ORIGINRL ERINTINQ IN POSSESSION OF THE DUKE OF UERBCUHS. 




DAWN OF THE MODERN PERIOD. 



fff HE earliest pub- 
^^ lished account of 
Columbus's initial voy- 
age was a pamphlet 
containing tbe letter of 
Columbus sent, in 
Marcb, 1493, to the 
royal treasurer, Raph- 
ael Sanchez.*^ It was 
almost immediately 
translated from Span- 
ish into Latin by the 
learned Aliander de Cosco, and printed and circulated 
by the German printers, Frank Silber in Rome, and 
Ungut and Pohle, in Seville,''^'' by express permission 
of Pope Alexander. Four years later it was trans- 
lated into German, and printed at Strasburg by 
Bartolemaus Kiistler ; the title and imprint are here 
reproduced in fac-simile. The curious woodcut upon 
the title shows the risen Christ appearing before the 
king of Spain and his suite. The Lord points to 




Arms of Columbus. 



34 



The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 joo. 



%n fc?ofi?abrc9lerc»ii?d« tiVd^^ into 
^je^o ifi fumen jften funt)cn fyfife'ilurc^c 
fufii'g vort ^jfpiitti j>Tnt> fd(^tr6 gw^en wutt 




ttftiBctiiCf fc^ct T^ *Bct f Afilomff^cn 3unscn rtit)vf ^cm Ij n'rt 

xvCq ce^roloracuD Tnt>*$tedut>cTmmafter7crGifn!o(;rap()i 
l€rentvntfc^^nbimr.\»an'?erccfmit)crt(>iii*^erj"d>nbt'rct3 ee 
t:>OJ W Ton gcfc^abcn ift a-orDen.vnxj^cm funigouc^ "^arpa 
gcfcit ift woJt)Gi»^e*^aa er gcfdnDciJl wo2"ocn*^5 5u crfarou 

foliUr I'm. w.^fCCCCfcvH.vff foni ^eronfmu© Ug. 

REDUCED FAC-SIMILE OF TlTLE PAGE AND COLOPHON 

Of the Earliest German Broadside Announcing the Discoverj' ot America. 
Original in the Royal Library at Munich. 



ff<?p!ffoId€W(!ofbrf€oTom jctjf ft«anof!ramu!ru debet: de 
JoTuHe'J^^xf fapia 0angem nuptr inomtiS'Bd qiU9 pcrquf/ 
rendflsoctauo anted menfc aufpidie t pt inuictiflimf f emani 
di "Difpaniarum "Regie mifTus ftjeratjad 9?sgniftcum dnm 1R« 
pbaelem Sanria'ciurdem fereniffimi •RegiflXefaurariu miffai 
quamnobili0 aclitterame rir Slianderde^ofco abDifpano 
jdeomatc in latinum conncrtit : tcrtio kafe 0?aij»lD'Cccc« jcii/* 
pomiftcatueBIcjeandri Sexti Brmopzimo* 

Qtfonf ani fufceptf proolnrf f rem perfiaram mc c5recutum 
fiJtffe gramm ribi fbzc fdo: baa confh'rui ejrarare: qo j re 
rrtiufcuiufc^rd in bocnoftro irincre gefh inuenrjc^ ad/ 
moneant: ICnceJimorcrtio die poft$ ^adibusdifccffi in mare 
Jndku peniem:rbi plurimae infula^ inniuncrie babiratae bar 
mintbua repperitq uarum omnium pio foeliciffrmo *Rege noftro 
p!f conio celebiaro i rejcilliB ctfenfio contradiccnre nemine pof/ 
feffionemacct'pi.-pMmfcpearomdim Saluaro.'ienomcn fmpo/ 
fui:euiU3frenj9 aurilio ram ad banc;$ ad cereras a^iae peruc/ 
nimu9«'^am *d Jndi <Suanabanin rocanr«Bliarometia rnam 
qiianc^ nouo nomine nuncupam«<Qmppe alia infulam SftTUCf 
D^iirif i^nceprionie-aliam /cmandmam • aliam "DpfabellaTn* 
fliiam ^obanami lie dc reliquie appellari iufTi-^Dampzimum 
In cam infulam qua dudum ^obana rocari din appulimu8:iii 
jrra ciu3 lirmeoccidcnrem rerfu9 aliquanrulumpzocefTritamqi 
cam mac^na nullo reperro fine inuenirrr non infulam: fed conrf 
nenr em (&)atai prouinciam effe crediderimrnullfl tn ridena op/ 
pida municipiauc in maritimis fira confinib^p.'^rcr aliquos ri/ 
cos 1 p:edia rufhcarcum quo? incolie loqui nequibam-quarcfl 
mul acnosridebanr funipicbanrfugaiTi'p.'Ogrediebarrltra: 
ecifhmane aliqua me prbem rillafuc inuenturum'^cnicp rides 
q longe admodum p:ogrcfTf9 nibil noui emergebat:T bmoi via 
no9 ad Septenrrionem deferebatrqjipfefugcrcefopraba'.terria 
crenimregnabarbjumaiadfluftmmc^eratiDVoro cortndcrcs 



The first printed accouni; of the discovery of America. 
(Original Broadside in the British Museum.) 



The Mundus Novus of Vespucci. 35 

the wound in his hand ; the king also points towards 
it in a manner to show that he comprehends the 
allusion. The explanation of the picture is that the 
king, in his dealings with Columbus, was long a 
doubting Thomas but now was convinced of a glorious 
realization. This account designates the Islands as 
"Isles of India beyond the Ganges." 

The first printed account of the discoveries (dated 
edition) in which it was proposed to designate the 
new regions as a " New World " appeared in Augs- 
burg in 1504,*^ "Mundus Novus.^^ " In the following 
year, 1505, a German edition was issued at Niimberg, 
" Vo7i der neu gefunde Region die wo I ein welt 
genennt mag werden durch den christenlichen Kunig 
von Portugall wundej'barlich erfundenP 

Thus far the new regions appear as "Terra Incog- 
nita," "Terra Nova," and later as "Terra Sanctae 
Crucis." 

We now come to the naming of the western world 
— a question solved by Baron Alexander von Hum- 
boldt, while compiling his epoch-making work 
'"''Exa^nen critique de V Histoire de la Geographie 
du Noveau Continent aux i^nie et i6me SieclesP 



*' Reproduced in fac-simile. 

*'* Printing was introduced in Seville, Spain, in the year 1492, by two 
Germans Paul von Kolln, and Johann Pegnizer von Niirnberg, (Von 
Murr Deutsche Erfvindungen, p. 727. ) 

*^ Augsburg, it will be remembered, was at that time an important 
centre of commercial activity, and its merchants were intimately engaged 
in the enterprises of both Spain and Portugal. Naturally the earliest 
and most authentic accounts would have reached that city. 

^a Alberic Vespucci Laurenetio Petri Francisci de Medecis salutem 
plurima dicit "Mundus Novus." 



3# 



The Fatherland 14^0-1 joo. 



(" Kritische Untersuchungen iiber die Historische 
Entwickelung der Geographischen Kenntnisse von der 
neuen Welt. Ideler, Berlin, 1852.) 

It was the above mentioned " Memoir on the Dis- 
covery of America," by Doctor Otto, of Pennsylvania, 
which gave Humboldt the incentive for this work ;** 
and, strange to relate, this important feature of nam- 
ing the New World is due to an obscure and unknown 
German geographer, Martin Waldseemiiller,^" (Hyla- 
comus,) a young man from Freiburg in Breisgau, 



*9 See Ghillany, p. 49; also Humboldt, Kritische Untersuchungen, vol. 
i p. 224. He there states that Dr. Otto appears to have been entirely 
unacquainted with the Geography of the fifteenth century. See also 
footnote 2, supra. 

50 Martin Waltzeemiiller (Waldseemiiller) from Freiburg in Breisgau, 
was born about 1480-1481. He was a friend of the Alsatian Matthias 
Ringmann, a scholar of the celebrated philologus, Jacob Wimp- 
feling. In accord with the usage of the times, both men afterwards as- 
sumed Hellenized names: Waltzeemiiller called himself Hylacomylus or 
Ilacomilus and Ringmann called himself Philesius, with the addition of 
Vogesigena, as his home was upon the Vosges. When, in the year 1507, 
a gymnasium and press were established at St. Die on the Meurthe, at 
the instance of the wealthy Canonicus Walther, under the patronage of 
the Duke Rene of Lorraine, both Ringmann and Waltzeemiiller were 
called as tutors to the new College. Ringmann, while in Italy, became 
acquainted with the renowned mathematician and architect, Fra 
Giovanni del Giocondo, the friend of Vespucci, who translated the 
latter's letters into Latin, by which means the glorious results of the 
Florentine traveller became known to the two Germans, who also be- 
came admirers of Vespucci, and in 1507 had reprinted at Strasburg, 
Giocondo's Latin translation. When Waltzeemiiller printed at St. Die 
his Cosinographifie Introdiictio, he incorporated the four letters of 
Vespucci. In connection with this work he conceived the plan of pub- 
lishing a new edition of Ptolemy, the expense of which was borne by 
Walther Lud. This celebrated book did not appear until two years 
after the death of Ringmann, and was mainly the work of Waltzeemiiller. 
It is in this edition that the celebrated map appears: Orbis typus univer- 
salis iuxta hydrographorum traditionem. This map was long supposed 



m^onptman 2iv fc^flFimg^e«5 mors Crt/To/tma co^ 
lion von ^ifpmia fc^nbt "^m f in ii{j von ^trpartw vo 
Icnin^ai^es kfi&s 3nt)ie vjff^em fl"|^8a»gm ^ 
^,m\t3er:% fliiffet am mitten Turc^ ^aa lano e m*ou 
p^^js^yjin %6 int)irc9 m6:» ^ie crnelic^m evfmt>cn ^at, vit 
?i'e ?u (ifit)en ^efcf^icf nf? mir ^ilflFvn grofer fc^xffmQ. Hnt) 
ouc^etlicf^ vojragungvo ^enm^len^Bes ^rogmcc^ngilleii 
ftinige iFcrna'oo gcnant von (^ifpajtiadfi^iicb'^em.v/mx) icK 
gefaren bm von ^an Qc^Wot ^ee lant)evon f^ifpaniat'^o man 
Tiennet Colfmas ^crculcc* o&er von ent) ^ar a?elt*bin ic? gefj- 
rnt in "^p vnt) ^:pf fig t^igcn m "^ao m-oifc^ m^NS)o ^ah ic^' ge^ 
funben vil in^Ien ?nit on3albcr volcfo \ro^afftig»^ie ?ab ic? 
allin^cnomen mit vff gewo:ffncm bjncrvnfere mec^tigiilcn 
f anige*i^1nt) npamwi ^at ficK gcxyiDcrt nocfj^^'inin'oer gcfK-lr 
ill ^cincrler \veg4pDie crflt ^te ic^ gcfunt>t (yab/ pabe id^ gc^ 
^affen'^ui faliurone^iaao i|?5u ruerfc^'^cegorhc^en betjal 
tcre vrfrehg micfjcvd^^u einergct>cc<itnf(3 fpncr oJunt>alic^c5 
^of^en maidtac^ic mic*5^ar5u ge^olffcn i>at»vn^ie von5nt)u 
^eiffmt fie Qwmii^im^'^ic ant)er tiab icf? gc£eif|en vn0 fro 
ipen enpfj?i{(nf j3;^fBil Me^zft Kiib icIJgei^affVn t'ernanoubi 
nad^'^es fiimge naimni^Oie vicroc ^ab icH gebVitfcn '^ic f) ub 
fc^einfeU'lJfeiefiinflte lo^dnanuvno t^iib alfo emcr fcglic? 
mrten namen gegebau^lnt) al^ bab ic(^ fam in ^c m^\'l lo'/ 
9annamairogenant'^ofuric^an^emgc(Tdt>e^muffgegciioc 
cvocnt watj /"^a font) ic^' ^le in fcl lang vnnv fern enoe ^ar an* 
^a5ic^get>ac^te6U'ereingant3 lanD^TfivPcr^ic pzoumtj su 
Cat^eigcnant*H)ora()cic{)Ouc(> Peine iTcrt nod) fc^loffer am 
gcfTa-oe^eo mozeoton etlic^'cburcn ()t|]crfar/frnntt gejleocl 
vnt) ^ee felben gIid?eruBiit) mit ^eit fclben piwonem moc^c 

at? 



Fac-simile page of broadside, containing the earliest German 

account of Columbus' discovery. 

(Original in the Royal Library at Mvmioh). 



Cosmographiae Introdudio. 



37 



who was then a tutor of geography in a school at 
Saint Die (Diey) in Lorraine, an out-of-the-way nook 





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Anno supra sesqui 
millesimum. vij. 



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i. 



Imprint of Waldseemuller's Cosmographia Introductio. 

among the Vosges.'^^ Here Waldseemiiller ^'^ prepared 
a little cosmographical treatise, which was printed 
upon the college press, during the year 1507.^^ 



to have been drawn by Vespucci. For a reproduction of it see Ruge, 
Zeitalter der Entdeckun.i::en, p. 36; also Kretschmer's Atlas. 

^' Humboldt, Introduction to Ghillany, Geschichte des Martin Behalm, 
p. 11; Ruge Zeitalter der Entdeckungen, p. 338. 

" Humboldt, Kritische Untersuchungen, (Berlin 1852,) vol. ii, pp. 362, 
et seq. 



38 The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 joo. 

Winsor, in his Critical History of America, states : 
" It was in this precious little quarto of 1507, whose 
complicated issues we have endeavored to trace, that, 
in the introductory portion, Waldseemiiller, anony- 
mously to the world, but doubtless with the privity 

Nuc "fo &: hg partes funtlatius luftratce/& alia 
quarta pars per Americu Vefputiu(vt in fequend 
bus audietur )inuenta eft/qua non video cur quis 
iure vetet ab Americo inuentorc fagacis ingenxj vi 
Ameri^ ro Amerigen quafi Amend terra /Rue Americam 
ca dicendatcu bc Europa bc Afia a mulicribus fuafor 

tita fiiit noiTiina.Ems fitii 8£ genus mores ex bis bi 
nis Amend nauigationibus quae fequuntliqaide 
intelligidatur* 

Fac-Simile of Passage, where the Name of "America" 
Is First Suggested, in the Cosmogfraphiae Introductio of Hylacomylus of 1507. 

of his fellow-collegians, proposed in two passages to 
stand sponsor for the new-named western world." 

It is further an interesting fact that, in Spanish 
records, the official designation of the western hemi- 
sphere until the year 1550 was exclusively " Las 
Indies." ^ The name " America " does not appear to 
have been accepted by the Spanish authorities until 



^ Cosnwgraphiae Introdvctio \ cvnt qvibvs-dani \ Geometriae \ ac \ 
astrotw I iniae principiis \ ad earn retn necessariis \ Insuper quator 
Ameici Ve- \ spucij nauigationes. Vniversalis cdosmographice \^sic'\ 
descripto \ tarn m solido qiiani piano, cis etiani \ insertis qtics Pthol- 
Otnaeo | igtiola a fiuperis \ reperta I sunt. etc. 

" Prof. Dr. Theodore Schott, Heft 308, Berlin, 1878, p. 28. 




nAF OF THE WORLD. FF?On THE 5TF]SBUU(; 

(REDUCE Fllc.s 







BURG EDITION OF PTOLEnY. A. D. 1513. 
:'flC-SlMILE.) 



The Name '''' America P 39 

tlie year 1758, when it appeared upon the Lopez 
map.^^ 

Thus was the new continent named. We now 
come to the derivation of the name " America "^ and 
we find that it is a strictly German one. Humboldt, 
an authority whom none will question, and who was 
further supported by the opinion of Professor Von der 
Hagen ^'^ of the University of Berlin, shows that the 
Italian name of Amerigo is derived from the German 
Amalrich or Amelrich^ which under the various forms 
of Amalric, Amalrih, Amilrich, Amulrich, was spread 
through Europe by the Goths and other northern in- 
vaders.^^ 

In glancing over the cartography of the western 
hemisphere, it is also found that the first engraved 
map showing any portion of the western continent, 
before the name America came into use, was a Ger- 
man map engraved by Johann Ruysch as a supple- 
ment to the Latin edition of Ptolemy, 1508. The 
same was the case with the earliest map and the 
earliest terrestrial globe upon which the name 



55 It was not until the year 1600 that the two continents of the western 
hemisphere were officially designated as North and South America 
{America septetitrioyialis and A. nteridionalis) by Jodocus Hondius. 
(Hamburger Festschrift ; Ruge, vol. i, p. 131.) 

*" The curious claim lately put forth by Jules Marcou, that Vespucci 
acquired his name Amerigo from some place in the western world, has 
been fully refuted by Prof Ruge in Petermann's Mittheilungen, 1889, p. 
121. 

" America, ein urspriinglicher Deutscher Name. — Schreiben des Hrn 
von der Hagen. (Neuen Jahr-buch der Berliner Gesellschalt fiir 
Deutsche Sprache. Heft, i, pp. 13-17-) 

** Humboldt, Kritische Untersuchungen, vol. ii, p. 324. 



40 



The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 joo. 




America appeared. The former was the handiwork of 

another German, Peter 
Bienewitz, [Petnis Api- 
amts^2, native of Saxony 
and one of the noted 
mathematicians of the 
day. In the same year, 
1520, the German, Jo- 
hannes Schoner, who 
for more than twenty 
years exercised a domi- 
nating influence in the 
cartography of the new 
world, as he kept pace 
with the new discoveries and issued globes with an 
explanatory text, completed the celebrated terrestrial 
globe which is still preserved in Niimberg, and is 
distinctively known by his name. It is upon this 
globe that the name " America " appears for the first 
time.'^^ 

It will thus be seen that the naming of the western 
continent, " America," was due entirely to the Ger- 
man geographers of the period, the example set by 
Waldseemiiller, Apianus, and Schoner being event- 
ually followed by the geographers and map-makers 
of all nations.^^^ 



Globe of Peter Apianus. 



*' See Catalogue Carter Brown Library, vol. ii. 

^" Sec Kui stnian, Altesten Karten Amerika's, p. 142. 




EFFECTS OF THE GREAT DISCOVERIES. 




^ 



ITH tlie close of the 
medieval period, a 
series of factors incident to 
the great maritime discov- 
eries, appeared in rapid suc- 
cession upon the political, 
social and religious horizon 
of Europe. 

At the beginning of the 
present era, the discoveries 
ROYAL Arms of Spain. made by Columbus brought 
little or no profit to Spain : as a matter of fact, none 
of the four voyages of Columbus even paid for the 
expense of fitting out the expedition.®" The islands 
he had discovered proved to be in a primeval state, 
and required exploration, settlement and develop- 
ment. They were far different from what was ex- 
pected from glowing descriptions of Zimpango and 
other islands in the far east as recorded by Marco 
Polo. In the islands visited by Columbus there 



42 The Fatherland 14^0-1 yoo. 

were no signs of fabulous wealth, and but little or no 

gold,®^ silver or precious 

stones. A similar condition i 

existed in regard to spices, (^ 

silks and other Oriental fab- | 

rics. As a matter of history, 

in the earliest days of the 

modern period, Spain's western 

acquisitions were a greater 

source of expense to that 

kingdom than profit. 

Far different, however, was 
the case with Portugal, then 
(1503) under the sway of an 
intelligent and liberal ruler, 

who welcomed and encouraged iM^^^r^^ / ° 

German learning and enter- 
prise, and offered every in- **'*"'\j ^$v^ i 
ducement for German settle- 
ment within his domain. ^^ 
Five years had hardly elapsed 
since Columbus returned from 
his first voyage, when Vasco 
da Gama, by the aid of Be- 
haim's charts and Hanseatic 
vessels, sailed around the 
Cape of Good Hope, and thus 
found the long sought for 
way to India. This opened 
up at once a most lucrative 
commerce between Portugal 




The Germans in Portugal. 



43 



and the Hast Indies, in which German merchants 
and the Hansa were the chief factors. Special ad- 
vantages were granted, 
every inducement was 
offered to these power- 
ful organizations to 
aid them in developing 
the newly found route. 
An immediate r e - 
suit of this condition 
was that while wealth 
and commerce rolled in 
upon Portugal and the 
Ge r m a n merchants ,^^ 
Spain was virtually 
impoverishing itself in 
the attempt to colonize 
and develop the new 
islands in the west.^ 
The glory of Venice also departed with the loss of 




Miniature. 

(From Jean de la Cosa's Map of the Indies, 

A. D. 1500.) 



^ Columbus und seine Weltanschauung, Berlin, 1878, p. 23. 

*' Roderigo Bastidas of Seville, who visited the coast of South America 
from San Marta to the river of Darien in 1504, there found grains of gold 
in the sands This was the first time the metal had been sent in that 
state to Spain. (Bonnycastle, 161. ) 

"* The first special grants by Portugal to German merchants and the 
Hanseatic League appear to be the Privelegium issued by King Alfonso 
V, March 28, 1452 (Document in full in J. P. Cassel's Privilegien und 
Freiheiten, welche die Konige von Portugal ehe den Deutschen Kaufleu- 
ten zu Lissabon ertheilt haben. Bremen 1771, 4to. ) These special 
grants and concessions were renewed at different times by the reigning 
sovereigns of Poi tugal. Noteworthy among them are the grants issued 
by King Emanuel, January 13, 1503, conferring additional privileges 



44 The Fatherland 14^0-1 yoo. 

her monopoly of the Indian trade, which had formed 
the chief source of her power and opulence.^' The 
great bulk of this 1 trade was now di- 

verted from the A Mediterranean and 

taken around the M Cape ofGood 

Hope.^^ The /\ German mer- 

chants were / \ quick to adapt 

themselves to the \To\7 ^^^^^ condition of 
aifairs. At the ^ r%J ^^^y ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ 
the decadence of Venice, when the 

PRI V AT K JVI ARIC 

tide of the Bast (handel-smarke.) India trade turned 

i T • 1 Bartalonieaus Welser n ^ o" 

towards Lisbon, ^nd company iromwe tind bimon 
Seitz, an a^ent of 1^"^'' ^"^^^ 'I''''''" the Welsers of 

*^ ' o D. 1526, to Hans 

Augsburg, in- Ehinger, at uim. Stalled in the capi- 
tal of Portugal, and afterwards succeeded by one 
Lukas Rem,*^^ who has left us a complete diary. 



upon the various merchants of Augsburg and other parts of Germany, 
who had established themselves at Lisbon at his invitation, or were 
there represented by resident agents or factors. {Ibid, p. 5; also Sar- 
torius, Hanseatischen Bundes, Gottingen, 1808, p. 653.) The above was 
further extended under date of October 3, 1504. Upon March 16, 1508, 
King Emanuel confirmed two letters given to two German merchants 
releasing them from imprisonment unless condemned by a supreme judge. 
{Ibid, p. 10.) January 22, 1510, the right of citizenship was conferred upon 
all resident German merchants by King Emanuel. {Ibid. ■p. 15.) Numer- 
ous additional grants and privileges were issued and promulgated from 
151 1 to 1525 in favor of the German merchants and the Hanseatic 
League, such as releasing them from taxation, giving them the privilege 
of conducting transactions in excess of 10,000 ducats, etc. Perhaps the 
most curious concession granted the German merchants in Lisbon was 
the edict of December 23, 1524, which gave them the right to dress in 
their native costumes, and accorded permission for them to ride on 
horses or donkeys. (Cassel, Continuation, 1776, pp. 13-14; also Sar- 
torius, p. 659.) 



l-H 

> 



Ed 



1^ 

00 



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o 

B 

w 

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p- 
a> 

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JO 

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German Merchants in America, 



45 



What was true of Portugal also applied to Spain ; 
and as soon as definite accounts of the extent of 

Columbus's dis- 
covery reached 
Europe, we find 
the factories of 
the German mer- 
chants estab- 
lished at Se- 
ville. Long be- 
fore the interdict 
against non- 
Spaniards was 
removed, the 
chief commer- 
the grubel arms. c i a 1 establish- 

ment in the western world at San Domingo was in 
the hands of the Augsburg merchants, who had ob- 
tained special concessions from the king, and who had 
German vessels bringing cargoes back and forth.^^ 




^ The names of the leading merchants concerned in these enterprises 
were the Fugger, Welser, Hochstetter, Hyrssfogel and Imhof famihes ot 
Augsburg and Uhn. As early as 1503 the Welsers had a resident factor 
at Lisbon, named Simon Seitz. A German expedition left Portugal for 
the East Indies, May 25, 1505. It consisted ol three vessels, the San 
Raffael, San Jeronimo and Lionarda. Prominent factors in this venture 
were Balthasar Sprenger and Hans Mayr, both of whom left a diary and 
written account of the voyage. (Ruge, p. 148.) 

"* According to Las Casas, most persons who had up to that period 
(1518) settled in America were sailors and soldiers employed in the dis- 
covery and conquest of the country; the younger sons of noble families, 
allured by the prospect of acquiring sudden wealth; or desperate adven- 
turers, whom their indigence or crimes had forced to abandon their 
native land. 



46 The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 yoo. 

Coincident with this commercial revolution, com- 
menced the season of 
spiritual unrest in Ger- 
many, coupled with a 
desire to throw off the 
shackles of Latin bigo- 
t r y and oppression, 
which resulted in the 
nailing of the ninety- 
five Theses against the 
church door at Witten- 
berg. The Reforma- arms of kelp v. Sternberg. 

tion, which eventually overspread the whole of in- 
tellectual Germany, and which was followed by the 
efforts of Calvin and Zwingli, went far to break the 
power of monastic rule and priestly superstition, and 
was destined ultimately to prove an active agent in 
the settlement of Pennsylvania and the adjacent colo- 
nies by the yeomanry of Germany. 

Another important incident which falls within this 




** Never did the Venetians believe the power ot their country to be 
more firmly estabHshed, or rely with greater confidence on the continu- 
ance and increase of its opulence, than toward the'close of the fifteenth 
century, when two events happened that proved fatal to both, viz., the 
discovery oi America and the opening of a direct course to the East 
Indies by the way of the Cape of Good Hope. (Robertson, Ancient 
India, p. 130.) 

•* Ibid, America, Book, i, p. 79. 

*' Lucas Rem, (1481-1541) was a factor or agent of the Welser Com- 
pany from 1499 to 1517, mainly at Lisbon. Later he became a partner 
in the firm of Endres, Rem & Company, and Chef of Endres & Lucas 
den Remen. His mother and daughter-in-law were both members of 
the Welser family. 

?? Welserziige in America, p. 29. 



1^50-THE FATI1ERLA/ND-I700. 




MARTIN LUTHER. 

(born NOU. 10. 1483. DIED FEB. 18. 1546.) 



FROn PfilNTINO BY LUCAS CRftNACH IN THE nNHKOTMEK AT HUNICH. 



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4S The Fatherland 14^0-1 joo. 

period was the accession to the throne of Spain (15 16) 

of Charles, the son of 
Philip, arch-duke of Aus- 
t r i a and grandson of 
Ferdinand and Isabella. 
He, upon the death of 
Maximilian, was elected 
emperor of Germany,**^ 
thus for a time uniting 
the interests of Spain and 
the Fatherland.'" 

Autograph of Emperor Chari^es V, -•■ UC prCCariOUS C O U - 

(Prom Original iu the Dreer Collectiou.) ditioU of thc fiuaUCCS of 

Spain, caused at the time by the drain of the unre- 
munerative acquisitions in the west, induced Charles 
to look to the merchants of the powerful Hanseatic 
League for assistance. Among those applied to were 
the patrician families of Welser'^ and Fugger at 




*' The rulers of Europe at this period were; Emperor. Charles V; 
Pope, Leo X; Spain, Charles I; France, Francis of Valois; England and 
Ireland, Henr>' VIII, (the first ruler to assume this dual title); Turkey, 
Soliman II; Poland, Sigismundus I; Scotland, Jamt-s IV; Denmark and 
Norway. Christian II; Hungary, Ludovic II; Bohemia, Vladislaus; 
Swtden. (iustavus (Biorn), elected after the expulsion of the Danes. 

'" When the young king arrived in Spain from the Low Countries, he 
was accompanied by many of the Flemish and German nobility, who 
were in the confidence of the monarch, and were at once invested with 
almost every department of administration, among which was the direc* 
tion of American affairs 

" The Welser Company, at the time of our period, consisted of Anton 
Welser Conrad Vohlin and others. The chief houses were in Augsburg 
and Memmingen. Anton Reiser's wife was Katharina Vohlin (Vogelin, 
Fegelin) a daughter of Hans Vohlin, a leading merchant of Metntningen, 



The German Bankers. 49 

Augsburg/^ Large loans were negotiated from both, 
and among the securities given were the choicest 
parts of Spain's possessions in America. 

The northern part of South America fell to the 
portion of the Welser family, and became known as 
Welserland, now Venezuela. The extreme southern 
and western part of the continent, almost immediately 



and a sister to Konrad Vohlin. In 1518, the firm came into possession 
of the Brothers Bartholomaeus and Anton Welser, sons of Anton 
Branch houses were then opened at Niirnberg and Ulm. Toward 1540, 
there were admitted to the firm Bartholomew's three sons: Bartholo- 
maeus (2), Christoph. and Leonhard; his son-in-law, Christoph Peutin- 
ger; and Jacob Rembold, father-in-law of Welser's son Hans, together 
with the two Hans Vohlin's son and nephew of his uncle Konrad. Of 
these latter Hans Vohlin was the resident member of the factory at San 
Domingo (1534-1539) and upon his return, the elder Bartholomaeus, to- 
wards the close of the year 1540 sent his eldest son to America to take 
charge of the government of Welserland. In the year 1553 the elder 
Bartholomaeus retired from the firm, when the company was recon- 
structed under the name of Christoph Welser and Company. It was 
under this firm that the formal loss of Welserland and its reversion to the 
Spanish crown occurred in 1555 The great banking house failed in 1612, 
Bartholomaeus Welser, the elder, was the chief spirit in all the East Indian 
(1505) and American (1526-1555) ventures. It was also at his instance 
that the early broadsides giving the news of America were sent to Augs- 
burg, and thence reprinted in German. A family history of the Welsers 
was compiled by the late Johann Michael Anton Freiherr von Welser 
(ob 1875,) but unfortunately is still in manuscript. See Anmerkungen 
zur Geschichte der Welserzuge. Hamb. 1892 

'■^ The old imperial city of Augsburg has thus far failed to receive in his- 
tory the proper credit due to its former greatness and its position in the 
commercial world. The same is true of the German merchants: they 
have ever been deprived of the honor due them for their sagacity and 
enterprise in many brilliant epochs when they controlled a large portion 
of the trade of the world. This praise and credit is usually accorded to 
their rivals. (Arthur Kleinschmidt: Augusburg und Nurnberg und ihre 
Hatidels Fursten. Kassel, 1881.) 



50 



The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 yoo. 



after the discovery of the straits between the main 

land and Terra del Fuego, 

whereby the bounds of the 

hemisphere were defined, 

fell, for the time being, 

to the lot of the Fugger 

establishment. 

Here again German 
learning and ingenuity 
had asserted itself, as it 
was b}^ the aid of Martin 
Behaim's charts '^"^ that 
Alagellan was enabled to 
find and sail through 
the straits which now 
bear his name, and thus 
circumnavigate the 
world."^ 




Iacobtjs >^M<^(j^TL 



In the early printed accounts, the Straits are frequently called 
Fretunt Martini Bohemi. See Cosmographia disciplina. Basil 1561, 4to 
and Ludg. Bat. 1636 i6mo Edit, tert, Cap. ii, p. 22. Also Diplomatische 
Geschichte. Gotha 1801, p. 82 et seq. 

'•■* Die Verdienste Martin Bchaint's (Dresden, 1866, ' p. 61. See also 
Herrera and Pigafetta. Losung der Behaim Frage; Gelcich, Hamburg 
1892, p. 65 et seq. 




THE EARLIEST ATTEMPT AT GERMAN 
COLONIZATION. 




f: 



■ROM this period (1522) 
date the first systematic 
atttempts at German colo- 
nization in America, which, 
though interrupted for a 
time, were destined to be re- 
sumed as years passed by ; 
and I venture to sa}-, that if 
a census could be taken to- 
day of the population of the 
whole hemisphere, from 
Bafiins Bay, to the Straits 
of Magellan, it would be 
found that German influence and commercial enter- 
prise are predominant. 

As the interesting facts connected with these early 
attempts at Gennan colonization are not universally 
known, having been largely lost sight of by the 
Hispanicizing of German narratives and names, a 



Arms of City of Augsbcro. 



52 



The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 yoo. 



few particulars of this important episode in America's 
history will not prove amiss. 

It is well known to students of European history, 
that Charles V, who united so many crouiis upon his 
head, and concentrated so much power in himself, 
was engaged by his ambition, or by the jealousy of 
his neighbors, in endless disputes, the expenses of 
which exceeded his resources/'* In his dire necessity 
he was apt to turn to the patrician merchants of 
Augsburg and UlmJ^ These appeals were not in 
vain, and ultimately his indebtedness to the two 
houses of Welser 
and Fugger alone 
amounted to over 
twelve tons' weight 
of gold J« 

The Prince offered 
the former, as secur- 
ity for the vast loan, 
a large tract of land 
in America extend- 
in g two hundred 
S ttin de 71^ [Leg u as) 
along the coast,^^ 
which they accepted 
as a fief of Castile. 
From documents in 

"A Lands-Knecht" of the Period. 

the Indian archives 

at Seville,"^ it appears that a special concession was 




" Raynal's History of the Indies, vol. iv, p. 69. 



54 The Fatherland 14^0-1 yoo. 

granted by the king to tlie Welser firm at an early 
date, with permission to establish a factory or trad- 
ing station at San Domingo, a city which it was in- 
tended should be the metropolis of the new world. 
After the lapse of a year or two we find the Ger- 
mans established there under Ambrose Dalfinger, 
(Bhinger)'^ and in control of the whole commerce 



" An official list of patrician families of Augsburg engaged in mercan- 
tile pursuits at this period contains the following names: Adler, Arzt, 
Baumgartner, Ehinger, Fugger, Herwart, Hochstatter, Using, Imhof, 
Koch, Koler, Langmantel, Manlich, Mayr, Neidhardt, Peutinger, Pfister, 
Pimel, Rehlinger, Rem, Rembold, Rentz, Sayller, Schellenberg, Seitz, 
Stetten, Vohlin, Walther, and Welser. 

'* The indebtedness of the Emperor to the Welser Company is 
variously stated by contemporary accounts to have been from five and 
one-half to twelve tons of gold. See Weyermann, Nachrichten. (Ulm, 
1829.) 

" See A'ovus Orhis (Lunduni Bat, 1633); also Marci Velseri Opera 
Historica. Provincia in America, Velseri patricii Augustani, etc. 
(Chris. Arnoldus, Norimbergiae, 1772.) 

"* The original documents relating to the Welser grants have lately 
been found in the British Museum at London. (Catalogued among the 
Spanish Mss. under the title: Cedulas reales tocantes d la provincia de 
Venezuela 1^29 a /SJS-) The volume is known as the "Welser Codex;" 
it consists of 159 folios of heavy paper upon which are engrossed 191 
different acts, all relating to the Welser grants in South America. These 
documents extend from September 23, 1529, to May 11 1535. Many ot 
these papers are written in an almost undecipherable hand. The value 
of this MSS. will be appreciated when it is understood that all the 
various royal concessions to the firm of Welser and Company within the 
above period are recorded here. The volume is bound in parchment and 
the covers are secured with curious leather thongs. Just how this docu- 
ment was abstracted from the Indian Office at Seville, and found its 
resting place in the Manuscript room of the British Museum does not 
appear. This valuable find was thoroughly examined in 1894 by Doctor 
Konrad Haebler of Dresden, who published extracts and comments of 
the same in the Allgemeine Zeitung, Miinchen, Dec. 1894. See also 
*' Welser U7id Elmiger in Venezuela. Haehler Zeilschrift /iir Schwaben 
xmd Neuburg, Augsburg 1894. 



1450-THE FATHERLAND-1700. 




BARTHOLOHAEUS WEL5ER. 

'born ]l^B^■. DIED 1561.) 

FROM MEDRL IN CABIMET OF THE GERNANISCHE NATIONAL 
MUSEUM. MURriBERG, QERMA/HY. 



Royal Grant to EJiinger. 



55 



and carrying trade of the new world. About the 
year 1526, Dalfinger, who, according to his instruc- 
tions, had investigated the probable value of the Em- 
peror's grant to his principals, retui-ned to Europe, 
and advised his superiors to accept the security. 

Patents were then issued by the crown, under date 
of March 27, 1528, granting the right of possession 
to Bartholoma and Anton 
Welser,'^'^ their heirs and 
assigns, for the northern 
portion of South America, 
extending from Cabo de 
la Veta to Cabo de Mar- 
capana^ bounded by San 
Marta in the west, and 
Paria in the east.''' 

Heinrich Ehinger, of 
Ulm, merchant,'^'' knight 
of Santiago and roj-al 
chamberlain, together 
with Hieronymus Sailer,^" 
were named as their 
agents.^°^ It is further 
stipulated by the king 
that the Welsers, through Heinrich Siger*^^ and the 







^^ Ambrose Dalfinger [Talfinger] in Spanish documents, Micer 
Ambrosio, also Micer Ambrosio Alfinger. There appears to be more or 
less uncertainty as to the identity of Ambrose Daltinger, some author- 
ities in both Germany and Spain holding to the theor>- that Ambrose 
Dalfinger was in reality an Ehinger. This theory is partly based upon 
the Concession of March 27, 152S, which reads verbatim: ''Ptimera- 



S6 



The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 yoo. 



above named Hieronymus Sailer®^* their agents, 
should deliver, within a given period, not less than 
4000 negro slaves to the royal colonies in the West 
Indies.«^ 

In return it was agreed that all communication 
henceforth with this part of the Indies, whether from 

Europe o r Africa, 
should be by vessels 
owned or controlled 
by the Augsburg 
firm of Welser and 
Company .^'^ Arrange- 
ments were now 
made for the imme- 
diate possession, ex- 
ploration, develop- 
ment, and settlement 
of the newly acquired 
territor}^, which was 
named Welserland.^^ 
ARMS OF THE ehinger FAMILY. Thc first cxpcditlon 

and German colon3^ consisting of about 500 persons. 




mente cnmpliendo vos lo quo os ofreceis en ir o embiar la dicha armada 
con el dicho 7iuesfro governador de Santa Marta t pacificando aqnella 
coino dicho es. vos doy Iice7icia y facultad para que vos o qtialquier de 
vos y en defecto de cualquier de vosotros Ambrosio i Jorge de Einguer, 
hermanos de vos el dicho Enrique, o qualquiera dellos. podais descubrir, 
etc." The arg-iiment is further strengthened by the entry in the Historia 
de la Conquista de Venezuela; Oveido y Bafios, Duro Edition vol i, 
chap. iv. ''Asistian por aquel tientpo en la corte de nuestro empetador 
Carlos V, Enrique de Alfinger y Jeroftimo Sailler, agentes y factors de 
los Belzares, etc." From the above it would certainly appear that if 



Departure from Europe. 



57 



who were all Germans ^^ set out from San Lucar with 
that of Gracia de Lerma, who was interested in the 
adjoining colony, known as Santa Marta. The Ger- 
man contingent was under the command of Ambrose 
Dalfinger, the late 
factor at San Do- 
mingo, who now 
was commissioned 
as governor of the 
new colony, and 
B artholomaus 
Sailer, his lieuten- 
ant.^*^ The party 
consisted of s o 1 - 
diery, 400 foot and 
80 mounted men, 
the latter under 
command of Casi- 
mir of Niirnberg;^'^^ 
a number of Ger- 




man miners 



86b 



Arms of the Imperial Citv of Ulm. 



{Bergknappen)'^ negro slaves; and a full band of 



Heinrich Ehinger was an Alfinger, his brother Ambrosio de Alfinger 
must also have been an Ehinger. See Dr. K. Haebler Zeitschrift der 
Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin vol xxvii, p. 419. 

"* Although the first royal concession made at Seville, March 27, 1528, 
as well as the amplification granted April 4, 1529, was apparently made 
to Sailer and the Ehinger brothers in fee-simple, the grant was in reality 
for the Welsers as stated in above text. Positive proof of the above is 
presented by a document in the Welser Codex in the British iMuseum; 
wherein Ehinger and Sailer as repentant sinners transfer all their right 
and title to their principals and further state, that, although the grant 



58 The Fatherland 14^0-iyoo. 

musicians, playing chiefly of fifes, trombones, bass 
kettledrums, pauken and tambours. These men 
were enlisted and organized for the purpose of inspir- 
ing the natives.^' 



was secured in their names, they acted collectively and exclusively as 
agents for Bartholomaeus Welser and Company. 

'* The actual bounds of Welserland are not definitely known. Even 
Herrera, Historia ii p. 311, 1528, merely gives them in a general manner. 
The grant evidently covered a large tract extending rom the Province 
of San Marta well towards the Atlantic Ocean. The distance into the 
interior was evidently unlimited. 

™^ Heinrich Ehinger was evidently the trusted representative of the 
Welser company for many years, if he was not a full partner. We first 
meet with him in the present investigations at the Imperial Court at 
Saragossa, January 9, 1519, where he, together with Sebastian Schopperl, 
issues two drafts on Anton Welser and Company, in favor of the 
Emperor Charles V. Again at Saragossa he appears July 4, 1521, as a 
witness to the Testament of Simon Seitz. Later in 1522-3 we find him 
at Seville, where upon the arrival of Maghelhaes vessel "Victory'' from 
the first circumnavigation ol the Globe, he purchases for the German 
merchants the entire cargo of Spices brought from the East Indies. 
Five years later he appears, together with Hieronymus Sailer in the 
Venezuela contract, 

^ Haebler, Koloniale Unternehmungen im xvi Jahrhundert. (Berlin 
1892,) p. 406. 

*'*"' For a full insight into this phase of the royal grant, see Dr. 
Haebler's comments upon the Welser-Codex. From this it would 
appear that the Ehinger Brothers together with Sailer attempted to hold 
the concession independent of the Welser Company. See foot note 78b. 

*' Ciguer in Herrera. Liguer in original. 

*'" As late as March one of these documents was to be found in the 
Deposito historografico of the Spanish government at Madrid. It bore 
the following title: ''Ano de 1526. Asienio y Capituiacione de los 
A/f manes EnHqiie Liguer y Geromnw Sailler, Obligandose a' haccr una 
Armada de 4 Narrios con 200, hombres o mas Armados y harrtuallados 
por imaiio, para la pacificacione y poblacion dcla Provencia de Santa 
Marta.''' A transcription of this document was made in 1857 for the late 
Samuel Barlow, Esq, of New Vork. It consisted of thirty-four pages 
folio At the public sale of that library, it was sold to an unknown 
purchaser for tlie sum of tliree dollars.. 



6o The Fatherland 14^0-1 yoo. 

The fleet of four heavily laden vessels towards the 
end of 1527, arrived safely at San Domingo, where 
they reported to Sebastian Rentz,^ Welser's factor,** 
and successor to Dalfinger. 

After landing the Spaniards under de Lerma, the 
voyage was continued to the South American coast, 



^'^ From the above it would appear that the Welser Company were 
active agents in the development of the African slave trade. In this 
phase of our history, their commercial rivals, the Fuggers, stand out in 
glowing contrast. See above. 

*^ According to Oviedo (Weyland, p 35) the Welser Company agreed; 
(i) To build within two years two cities and three forts within their 
possessions. (2) Four ships were to be sent out during the first year at 
their own cost, taking out at least 300 Spaniards and 50 Germans, who 
were to explore the various Spanish possessions in the Indies, and pros- 
pect for gold and silver mines; the Welser Company to have the right to 
work and develope all such mines. (3) The Emperor conferred the title 
ot ^'■Adelatiiado," or Stadthalter, upon such persons appointed by the 
Welsers. (4) The Emperor granted to the Germans the right to enslave 
all such Indians as would not subject themselves to their authority 
except by force of arms. Oviedo goes on to state that only such por- 
tions of the above contract were complied with, as reverted to the profit 
of the Germans. 

*** Although "Welserland" for years was the accepted name for this 
Province (exclusively so in Germany), in official Spanish documents, so 
far as known to the writer, it was usually called Venezuela. Bonny- 
castle, who, in his history of Spanish America, closely follows Las Casas, 
gives the following explanation of the derivation of the name Venezuela. 
"The shores in the immediate vicinity of its waters (Lake Maracaybo) 
are unhealthy, owing to the vapors arising in the night after the great heat 
of the day. "When the Spaniards first landed in this country, they ob- 
served several villages built in the lake, which is the mode adopted by the 
Indians at present, [1810?] considering this plan the healthiest. The 
appearance of one of these little towns amid the waters, caused the 
Spanish adventurers to name it Little Venice, or Venezuela. Which 
title was afterwards transferred to the whole Province in the neighbour- 
hood. "Four of these villages still remain [1810?] and are under the 
government of a monk, who has a church and the spiritual charge ol 
the people." 



Unfurling the Imperial Standard. 6i 

and a landing made on February 23, 1528.^^*' Upon 
the following day, Dalfinger, with four hundred men 
and eighty horses, entered the native village of 
Coro,^' unfurled the Imperial standard, and under its 
folds had himself acknowledged Governor and Cap- 
tain-General of Welserland, the first German colony 
to be established in America, amid salvos of musketry 
and strains of martial music. A regular government 
was organized, a town projected and foundations were 
laid for a christian church, ^"'^ whose titular patron 
was St. Anna.^^ 



^ Karl von Kloden, Die Welser in Augsburg als besitzer von 
Venezuela, (Berlin, 1855), p. 437. Zeitschrift fiir Allgemeine Erdkunde, 
P- 437- 

^ Bartholomaeus Sailer, [Seyler] evidently a relation to Hieronymus 
Sailer and Johannes Sailer of Bamberg, for whom Johannes Schoner in 
1520 constructed his celebrated globe. See above, p. 70. 

^'^» He died during the last Dalfinger expedition, a few days before 
his commander. 

^'^ These miners, all experienced men, were mainly from the St. 
Joachimsthal in the Erzgebirge. The negotiations were made by Hans 
Ehinger, who went to Joachimsthal for that purpose with Bergmeister 
Reiss and Jorg Neusesser, upon the part of the miners. After signing 
the contract the men were referred to Hieronymus Walther of Leipzig, 
who furnished the transportation to Seville. 

*' Geschichte der VVelser-Ziige in .'\merica, p. 42. 

^ Sebastian Rentz had previously travelled extensively through Asia 
and Africa in the interests of his employers the Welser Company, and 
as early as 1517 had obtained some reputation as a cartographer or 
map- maker. 

^' Not Governor of San Domingo, as stated by Weyermann, 

**'> Coro was chosen as a landing-place, because the pilots of that day 
were somewhat acquainted with that part of the coast; and further, there 
was a possibility of obtaining assistance there, if necessary, from the 
Europeans who were already in tliis vicinity. 

** Originally an Indian village called Coriana. The first Europeans 
who landed here were a party of adventurers under Juan de Ampues, 



62 The Fatherland 1 450-1 joo. 

Thus was established Gennan civilization upon the 
soil of the new world, even prior to the Spanish con- 
quest of Mexico or Peru. 

The musical feature of the above celebration was 
undoubtedly the most inspiring part of the occasion. 
Historically it is the first record of an organized band 
of musicians in the new world. This is but another 
incident where the priority belongs to the German 
nation. 

Many successive expeditions were sent out to 
America by the Germans after the edict was issued 
by Charles V, granting an extended permission to 
all of his German subjects to emigrate and settle in 



who called the place Coro. Prior to the grant of the Germans, the 
whole territory was known as Coro- See Ternaux, introduction, pp. 4-5. 

8°* Dedicated July 26, 1529. 

'^ Coro, or Santa Anna de Coro, afterwards became the capitol ot 
Venezuela and the seat of the Spanish Vic<'roy. The town is situated at 
the head of a bay of the Gulf of Maracaibo. called El Golfete. It is 
built on several islands and a narrow sandy isthmus, which separates 
the gulf from the Caribbean sea. It is said that the original village 
found there by the Spaniards consisted of a group of houses built in the 
water upon piles, like those of the lake-dwellers. Recent explorations 
of the shell-mounds on the Florida Keys by Mr. Cushing have brought 
to light numerous remains which seem to indicate that this settlement 
upon the shore ot Coro was a relic of an ancient civilization which once 
extended along the shores of the Caribbean sea and the Gulf of Mexico 
Spanish records state that on acconut of the marine location of this Indian 
village, they called the place Little Venice, a name which eventually 
became Venezuela. During the Spanish regime, prior to 1636, the town 
was a rich and important one. After the removal of the seat of govern- 
ment to Caracas in the latter year, it lost much of its wealth and impor- 
tance. It IS now chiefly known for its commerce and export trade. The 
town has four fine churches and about 10,000 inhabitants. The great 
drawback to its development has been a lack of drinking water, which 
has to be carried from the mainland. 



Arms of Nilrnberg. 



63 



the West Indies. Among these expeditions of the 
Welsers which deserve special mention, are those 




Arms of the Imperial City of Nurnberg. 

under Nicolaus Federmann, George Hohemuth,^^ von 



^^ George Hohemuth (not Frohermuth, as occasionally written) was 
a native of Memmingen, but is usually known as of Speyer. 



64 



The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 joo. 



Speir, and the Frankish knight Philip von Hutten,^ 
a nobleman from Birkenfeld ; and, later, the expedi- 
tions sent out by the Fuggers to develop the western 
coast of South America. 



*' Philip von Hutten was a brother to Bishop Moritz von Hutten at 
Eichstedt. He left a diary covering the period from 1538 to 1541, 
which was published by Meusel, under the title Zeitung aus Indien 
{Bibliotheca Historica, vol. iii, lips., 1787). 





THE STORY OF WELSERLAND. 




Wklser Arms. 



M^HEWelserex- 
^ pedition under 
Nicolaus F e d e r - 
mann, a native of 
Ulm, left San Lu- 
car Barameda in 
Andalusia, on 
October 2, 1529, in 
a vessel supplied 
by Welser's agent, 
Ulrich Ehinger. 
The party c o n - 
sisted of 123 sol- 
diers and twenty- 
four German min- 



93a 



ers ■""' {Bergknap- 
pen.) After a long and stormy vo3^age the adventur- 
ers reached San Domingo in December, 1529, and 
after refitting and obtaining the requisite number of 
horses, left for Coro. This expedition is of especial 



66 The Fatherland 14^0-1 yoo. 

importance to us, as Federmann kept a careful ac- 
count of his travels. This was published after his 
death by his kinsman, Hans Kifthaber of Ulm, in the 
year 1557. The only known copy of this book is in 
the Royal library at Stuttgart. It is a quarto of 122 
pages ; following is the unique title and colophon : 

" Indianische Historia. \ Ein scJi'dne kiirtz \ wcilige 
Historia Nicolaus Fe \ dermaiuis des Jilngern von 
Ulm I erster raise so er von Hlspama wtd \ Andolosia 
atcss in Indias dcs occca I nischen Mors ^cthan hat, und I 
was ilini \ allda ist begegnet biss anff sein widde7'- 



^■^ The contracts for this second contingent of German miners was 
made by Ulrich Ehinger, in the name of Bartholomaeus Welser, 
Ulrich Ehinger and their co-partners. The party was sent by Hieronymiis 
Wahher, of Leipzig, to Hamburg and Antwerp, whence they were 
transported hy Welser's factors to Seville. Papers relating to this con- 
tract are still in existence, {f^gl- Hauptstaatsarchiv. Dresden. — Loc. 
10428.) From which it appears that the party consisted of the following: 
Hans Trumpolt from Johannisthal; Ve'ten (Valentin) Landhans (Land- 
thansi from Zigenhals; Sigmunt Geppert (Gc^bhartt! from Wennsen; 
George Vnglaub (Jerg Vnglob) from Schwatz; Sixt Enderlin from 
Patmos; Wolf Dittrich (Wolfif Dietrich) Freiberg; Merten Hoffmann 
from Altenberk; Wolf Gehe (Welff Gehe) from Kirchberg; IMelcher 
Reuss from sant Annaberg; [st. Annaberg]; Niekel Teig ( Nickell Legk) 
from Kempis; Critof Richter (Cristoff Richter) from the Neustadt; 
[Dresden?] Vrhan Behm (Vrban Bohem) from Santa Annaberg; 
Moritz Putz ( Putzlere) from Sneberg; Hanns Kestell, Burckhardt Ansorg. 
Hanns Weis, Hans Schick, Tomas Vo'i;ell, Hans Schenkel, two boys 
(names not given). The wile of Sigmunt Enderlein accompanied the 
party as a cook and waslierwoman. She was presumably the first Ger- 
man woman who put her foot upon American soil. A number of these 
German miners not finding the new country to their liking, claimed 
they had been deceived and returned to their native country, where 
they arrived impoverished and disheartened. After their arrival in 
Saxony, they commenced judicial proceedings against all the pai ties 
connected with their enlistment. Many of the documents relating to 
this law suit are still preserved in the Royal Archives at Dresden. 



Federmann's Diary. 



67 



kunfft inn Hispaniam^ aiiffs \ kurtzete beschrieben^ 
gantz I his tig zu lesen. \ MDL VII. Getruckt zu 
Hagenaw bei Sigmund Bund.^'' 

On April 18, 15JO, the colony was reinforced by 



noirtttiftf e gtf?ort(t. 






[tt ftfanc f urg^ 

brntwrtne m ® if itgcm ^ott 
^(ma*/fermtrc f<> er eon gifpanweff 

mfc^ch i0^r$ rt<*« ^ae/ 6n^ 

w>»Ji«tttii»|ptm«J?i(p<i«<<»m/<t«(f» 




MD.LVIL 

Title Page of Federmann's Journal. 
(Furnished by Prof. Tli. Schott, Royal Librarian at Stuttgart.) 



68 The Fatherland 14^0-1 yoo. 

the arrival of three more vessels with colonists under 
command of Hans Seissenhoffer and George Ehinger. 

The next important expedition to leave Europe 
was under the command of George Hohemuth von 
Speir, which left Spain on October 18, 1534, and ar- 
rived at Coro, February 5, 1535. This party con- 
sisted of over 600 adventurers. Among the of&cers 
were Philip von Hutten,^^ a nobleman from Birken- 
feld ; Hieronymus Koller from Niirnberg ; Majordomus 
Andreas Gundelfinger, Paymaster Franz Lebzelter 
from Ulm ; Nicolaus Federmann and Hans Vohlin 
from Augsburg, the last a nephew of the Welsers.^^ 

Among the adventurers sent out there was a band 
of eighteen musicians, together with a number of 
artisans. Special mention is made of a printer ^^* 
{Buchdrucker)^ evidently bringing with him a print- 
ing press and type. This is the earliest record of 
any printer having been sent to America. Unfor- 
tunately, beyond the mere mention in the official list, 
that a printer was sent out among the craftsmen who 
went in this expedition, there is nothing to show, 
either in the way of an imprint or documentary 
evidence, that he ever did any printing in America, 
or that a press was even established at Coro. 

Should, however, any imprint of this hitherto un- 
known printer ever come to light, it may prove to be 
a German one printed with German type : it could 



"* In Spanish records Philip de Urre, Uien, Uire, Urra, etc. 

®^ See foot-note, p- 71 supra. 

95* Geschichte der Welser-Ziige, p. 94. 



Foundi7tg of Bogota. 69 

but antedate by a few years the known imprints of 
Jakob Cromberger of 1540 without in the least affect- 
ing the fact that to the German nation is due the 
honor of establishing the printing press in the west- 
ern world. 

It is not within the scope of this paper to follow up 
the various expeditions undertaken during the next 
quarter of a century by the Germans, which extended 
hundreds of miles into the interior of South America, 
to relate how the city of Bogota was founded early in 
1539, by Nicolaus Federmann during his second ex- 
pedition, a city which is now the capital of the 
United States of Colombia. Nor will we recite the 
sufferings of these brave adventurers, or chronicle 
their deeds ; how brave Ambrose Dalfinger died the 
death of a hero,^ or the lamented George von Speir 
fell a victim to the tropical fever.^" It would fill 
several volumes to do justice to this epoch in Ameri- 
can histor3^ Suffice it to say that the successive 
expeditions under Dalfinger, Sailer,^ Federmann, 
Ehinger, Sarmiento, Alemann,^ Seissenhoffer, Hohe- 
muth, Heinrich Rembold and Hutten, ^™ tended to 



^ According to Weyland, Dalfinger was wounded by the natives in 
1531, in a valley about six hours from Pampelona. This spot still bears 
the name Vale de Micer (Mister or Herr) Ambrosio. He died about a 
week later at the deserted village of Chinacota where he was buried. 
See Geschichte der Welser-Ziige, p. 84-5. 

" Also called George Spirra His various expeditions into the in- 
terior extended over a period of five years. He returned to San Domin- 
go in 1539, where he shortly afterwards died. 

^ After the death of Dalfinger, Lieutenant Bartholomaeus Sailer suc- 
ceeded to the command of the Colony. He, however, also died in 1532, 
a short time after his superior. 



70 The Fatherland 14^0-iyoo. 

settle and develop the unknown wilds of tropi ca 
America, even if they did fail to bring their projec- 
tors the coveted golden reward. 

The Germans in America, however, had a worse 
enemy to contend with than tropical fever, poisoned 
arrows or treacherous elements. This was the 
jealousy of the Spaniard, to whom, after the religious 
peace of Niirnberg, all Germans appeared as Luther- 
ans and heretics. No opportunity was left pass, when 
anything detrimental could be done to the Germans : 
at Court, in Spain, as well as in America, it was al- 
ways the same story. 

Unfortunately the history of this first attempt at 
German colonization in America closes with a double 
tragedy — the brutal murder of the chivalrous Philip 
von Hutten,^"^ Captain General of Welserland, and 



^ Juan Aleman, Johannes der Teutsche, John, the German. The 
identity of this German adventurer is shrouded in more or less mystery. 
Weyland, in his history of Venezuela, wherein he follows Depons and 
Oviedo, states that Johannes, a German, was sent out by the Welser 
Company to seize the government of the colony in the event of Alfinger's 
death. The account goes on to state that, either on account of the 
devastation wrought by Dalfinger in his expeditions, or else through 
lack of courage, Johai nes is said never to have left Coro. 

I*' The names of Melchior Griibel (^arms on page 75) and Meister 
Hans Kistler aus Geldern also occupy a prominent place in the history 
of German enterprise in South America 

1"! Philip von Hutten (Philip von de Urre) spent over fifteen years in 
Venezuela, most of the time in exploring and developing the country 
and its resources. He was also a firm believer in the existence of an 
El-Dorado in the interior, and led several expeditions with the object of 
finding and conquering that mythical land of gold. His greatest feat 
was when he, together with 39 German soldiers, fought and defeated 
over 15,000 Omegas. See Weyland, Reise in Terra Firtna, (Berlin, 
180S, ) pp. 282, et seq. 



1450-THE FATHERLAND-1700. 




t) IM 1»4 *0 f, 



CONTEnrORARY MAT SHOWING POSSESSIONS OF THE WELSER 
COIiFANY IN SOUTH AMERICA. 

(ORICINHL IN THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY AT BOLOGNA.) 



Murder of the German Commanders. 71 



Bartolomaeus Welser, eldest son of the senior mem- 
ber of the great Augsburg firm, who, in 1541, had 
been sent to Welserland as Governor. The Spanish 

records call him ^^ Don 
Bartolomeo Belsar^ Gobcr- 
nador de su Majestad^ Ade- 
lantado del Reino de Ven- 
ezuela:''''^^ 

The two German com- 
manders were murdered 
on April 18, 1546, by order 
of the Spaniard, Carava- 
jal.'°^ When the news of 
this tragedy reached Ger- 
many it caused great indig- 
nation, which even the 
summary execution of Car- 
PHiLu> VON HrxTK.x. ^^,^j ^j £^-|g^ ^^ assuagc. 

The Welsers, from now onw^ard, took less interest 




"'^* Hutten, in his diary, writes under date of March lo, 1541: "Vor 
kurzen Tagen ist Herrn Bartolma Welser's Sohn hier angekommen, ein 
versttindiger junger Gesell, iiber dessen Ankunft alle grosse Freude ge- 
habt haben ; ich habe keinen Zweifel dass ihn die Herrn Welser zum 
Gubernator machen werden, da Gott ihn zu solcher Zeit geschickt hat." 

^"■^ Juan de Caravajal accompanied as notary the first Welser expedi- 
tion to America, which was sent out under Dalfinger. He afterwards 
returned to San Domingo, where it appears he remained until 1542. 
After the death of Heinrich Rembold (1542), he was sent to Coro to 
take charge ol the Government in the absence ot Philip von Hutten, 
Imperial Captain-General, and young Welser, who were upon an ex- 
tended expedition in the interior. Caravajal at once assumed charge of 
affairs at Coro, and upon learning that the Germans had experienced 
great hardships and were returning in a shattered condition, and that 
the troops were weakened from wounds and disease, he, at the instiga- 



72 The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 joo. 

in the development of their possessions in South 
America.^"'^ They still, however, held the title and 
a dominating influence in its affairs for another de- 
cade, as it was not until the year 1555 that they were 
finally debarred from their concessions for some un- 
explained reason, after an exasperating law-siiit 
which was decided against thern.^"^ Thus ended the 
first organized scheme of German colonization in 
America.^"^ 



tion of Pedro de Limpias, attempted to secure control of the govern- 
ment and combine the colony with that of New Granada. Caravajal, 
with a number of Spaniards, rode out to meet the returning Germans. 
Hutten and Welser, who suspected no treachery, were seized while 
their men were out foraging, and at once executed under an old tree, 
which still stands in the plaza of Tocuyo. The two Germans were be- 
headed by a negro with a dull hunting-knife. Some of the German 
troops escaped to Coro, where in the meantime Juan Perez de Tolosa 
had arrived, bearing special concessions from the Crown. As soon as 
he was informed of Caravajal's treachery, he ordered him to be taken to 
the spot and executed in a similar manner. 

102b From the Welser Codex in the British Museum, it appears that 
the attempts to dispossess the Germans of their possessions in America 
commenced as early as May ir, 1535. with an instruction sent out by tlie 
Queen regent to Bishop Bastidas, wherein she implores him to keep a 
watchful eye upon the German colonists in his Province, (Venezuela) 
as it has been stated that a number of persons emigrated to the new 
country without complying with the published statutes, not only to the 
prejudice of the Spanish character of the country, but above all en- 
dangering the unity and purity of the faith. All such cases were to be 
reported direct to Seville at once without delay, and such persons 
[evidently who professed the Lutheran faith] were to be banished 
forthwith 

1"' Antheil der Deulschen an der EntdeckungAmerikas. (Stuttgart, 

1857.) 

1"* There are still a number of families in Venezuela who trace their 
ancestry to some of the German adventurers of Welserland. In many 
cases it is a source of pride, not even surpassed by that of the Spanish 
grandees. 



Hispanicized Names. 73 

The question will undoubtedly arise in the minds 
of many persons, why this epoch in German and 
American history has not been brought out with the 
prominence which it deserves ? The answer is that 
most of the accounts bearing upon the subject are 
stored in the archives at Seville, wherein the long- 
forgotten actors are lost under Hispanicized and 
foreign names '^^^ and such poets as sung the Ger- 
mans' praises in their epic poems ^^ have long been 
cast aside as strains that grate harshly upon the 
jealous Spanish ear.^"'' 

The usually accepted account of the German 
regime in America is that of the Dominican monk 
las Casas,^** who in his work on the Indies, " Tyran- 



"5 In Spanish and Portuguese records, the German name of Welser is 
variously changed to Velseri, Berzer, Berzares, Belzares, Belzaras, 
Bersyrs, Belsyres, etc., while the Fuggers appear as Fucares, Folkyres, 
Fouchers, etc. Amerkungen zur Geschichte der Welser-Ziige, p. 297. 

"^ Poems of Juan de Castellanos. Prhnera parte de las Elegias de 
varones ilustres de Ifidias, covipuestas por Juan de Castellanos, etc. 
(Madrid, 1589,) See Ticknor, History of Spanish Literature (London 
1863,) ii, p. 472. Volume ii, of Castellanos contains the Welser episode. 

'<" Hermann A. Schumacher, in Hamburger Fest-schrift, vol. ii, p. 
227. 

>"* Bartholomew de las Casas, a Spanish prelate, was born at Seville 
1474, and in his nineteenth year accompanied his father, who sailed with 
Columbus to the West Indies. Five years afterward he returned to 
Spain, and pursuing his studies, entered the ecclesiastical order. He 
again accompanied Columbus in his second voyage to Hispaniola, and 
on the conquest ot Cuba settled there, and distinguished himself by his 
humane conduct toward the oppressed natives, of whom he became in a 
manner the patron saint. In 1516 he returned to Europe to state the 
case of the Indians before the Crown. The regent Ximenes appointed 
a commission to investigate the charges. The outcome of this investi- 
gation not meeting with his approbation, he again went to Spain to lay 
the case of the Indians before the new King and Emperor Charles V. 



74 The Fatherland 14^0-1 joo. 

nics et cr'uautez des Espagnols^ cofmnises es Indes 
Occident ale s^ qiC on dit le Noveau Monde ^'' in the 
chapter on Venezuela accuses the Germans (whom he 
called Flemings) '™ of the greatest barbarities and 
cruelty, beside which even the tortures of the Inqui- 
sition sink into insignificance. 

There is, however, a twofold explanation of this 
unjust criticism of the German pioneers. The first 
is to be found in the national jealousy that w^as then 
so strong between the two nations. The other one, 
the religious feature, arose from the fact that the 
Germans were accused of introducing the Lutheran 
religion into the colony. It is difficult to say just 
what proof there is of this charge. According to v. 
Kloden the entire German contingent in South 
America as early as 1532 had accepted the Lutheran 
faith.^*^^^ 

Certain it is, however, that the brave Philip von 



Las Casas, by a singular inconsistency, in his zeal for the Indians, be- 
came the author of the slave-trade, by proposing to purchase negroes 
from the Portuguese in Africa to supply the planters with laborers, of 
the want ol whom they complained ; a proposition which was unfortu- 
nately put into execution. His famous Brevissinia Relacioii de la 
Destruccion des Indies is well known. .So far as the charges of cruelty 
against the Germans are concerned, they seem to have been inspired 
mainly by the fact that von Hutten and others refused to attend mass. 
In short he calls the Germans heretics and Lutherans. Las Casas after- 
wards became Bishop of Chiapa. He eventually fell into disfavor with 
his superiors, lost his bishopric, and died in comparative obscurity in 
Madrid in 1556, in the 92nd year of his age. To such as know nothing 
of his inconsistency in regard to the negro, he generally appears as 
a benevolent character, whose chief aim in life was the relief of the op- 
pressed aborigines in the West Indies. 

1™ Spanish Edition Paris MDCXCVII pp. 115 et seq. 



Charges against the Germans. 75 

Hutten refused to attend mass, even if he was not an 
avowed Lutlieran. Las Casas further states: The 
Flemish General [v. Hutten] is nothing but a 
heretic ; he never attends mass himself, nor suffers 
others to go, and he further shows plain evidences of 
Lutheranism, whereby one may know him/^'' 

Then again there are three arguments, which con- 
trovert the trustworthiness of the Las Casas ac- 
count i'^" 

1. He fails to name any one of the German Gov- 
ernors whom he accuses of gross cruelty toward the 
natives. 

2. The accounts are evidently aimed at Ambrose 
Dalfinger, who was charged with every type of bar- 
barity actually committed by native Spaniards in the 
adjoining provinces. 

3. No charge of cruelty whatsoever can be brought 
against either Johann the German (Johann Alemann), 
or Philip V. Hutten. George von Speir was only ex- 
ceptionally harsh when occasion required it, and 
even Federmann, the soldier of fortune, ever inclined 
toward mercy and humanity."^ 

It certainly seems somewhat anomalous for a 

^^^ ,If this be so then we may claim that date as the introduction of 
the Lutheran faith into the western world. {Die Welser in Augsburg als 
besitzer voti Venezuela, p. 440. ) 

^•^^ Las Casas : Die Verheerung West Indiens. German edition (Ber- 
lin, 1790) pp. 146-7, Also, Relacion de la destruccion de las Indias 
Occidentalis. Presentado a' Felipe ii. (Philadelphia, 1S21,) Chap. 
Reyno de Venezuela, pp. 109-117, 

"« These charges of Las Casas were publicly contradicted at the time 
by Sepulveda, of Cordova, who was the official historiographer of the 
Emperor Charles V. Rome 15—. 



76 



The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 joo. 



bisliop of the order that introduced the Tribunal of 
the Inquisition into the world, and who was the 
original instigator of negro slavery in America, to 
charge the Germans in America with any such in- 
humanity. 

Further, according to the lately discovered Welser- 
Codex in the British Museum, the fact is proven 
beyond any doubt, that the treatment of the Indians 
in Venezuela by the Germans, was no more cruel 
there than elsewhere. On the contrary, all indica- 
tions point to a policy of friendly intercourse between 
the Germans and the Indians. Consequently, not- 
withstanding the implied permission enjoyed by the 
Germans for maintaining a slave-trade, the condition 
of the Venezuela Indians was by no means so bad as 




Arms of the Republic of Venezuela. 



Reftitation of Las Casas. 



77 



to justify the charges made against the Germans by- 
Las Casas. This fact is fully set forth in the above 
original document."^^ 



"1 Karl Klunzinger, Antheil der Deutschen an der Entdeckung Sud 
Americas. (Stuttgart, 1857,) p. iii. 
"^* Der Welser-Codex, see foot note 77a supra. 





THE GRANTS TO ANTON AND HIERONYMUS 

FUGGER. 



TJ^HE ACCOUNTS 
^^ of tlie grant made 
by Charles V. to 
Anton and Hierony- 
mus Raimond Fug- 
ger, merchants and 
bankers at A ti g s - 
burg, are not quite 
so clear, as the docu- 
ments bearing upon 
the transaction were 
stored in the archives 
at Seville, and during 
the past centuries, 
like many similar 
ones, have long since been forgotten. 

Lately, however, a number of these papers, bear- 
ing upon the exploration and settlement of the west 
coast of South America, were resurrected, examined 




The Fugger Arms. 



_ H m 



* o o 

2 H CD 

o 3 




The Grant to the Fuggers. 



79 



and published by Senor J. T. Medina/^ Coleaion 
de documentas ineditos para la kistoria de Chili^ Tojn. 

III. 

From these records it appears that the grant to the 
Fugger firm embraced the whole lower end of the 
southern hemisphere, between the straits of Magellan 
and the southern boundary of Peru -/^^ in fact, that 
Chili, the most progressive of the modem republics 
of South America, was originally a German colony. 
From these documents as 
published it appears that 
the original grant was 
made on July 25, 1529, to 
one Simon de Aleazaba. 
It was not long, however, 
before we find the conces- 
sion transferred to the 
Germans ; Veit Horl,"* 
the resident factor of the 
Fuggers at Seville, having 
negotiated the transfer.^^^ 

There appears to have 
been considerable negotia- 
tion between the Spanish 
Indian office and the Ger- 
man merchants in refer- 
ence to the particulars and emoluments. A personal 




"* Zeitschrift der Geselschaft fiir Erdkunde zu Berlin. Vol. xxvii, p. 
407. 

"' The concession mentions the stretch of coast extending 200 leguas 
from the west cape of the straits of Magalhen, to the District of Chiiicha, 



So The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 joo. 

appeal to tlie Emperor by one of the German mer- 
chants, hou^ever, settled the dispute in their favor. 
One of the conditions of the grant was that the Fug"- 
gers were to send out three expeditions, with no less 
than 500 men, to take possession and explore the 
country. The same powers vested in the Welsers 
were conferred upon them. The German firm had 
the right of appointment of all officers from Captain- 
General downward. The governorship of the colony 
was to be hereditary for three generations, counting 
Anton Fugger as the first one. This grant also se- 
cured to the Fuggers the monopoly of all trade 
within the bounds of the Province. 

It appears that the Fuggers were very exacting in 
their demands upon the Emperor as to the particu- 
lars of the colonial Government. A demand which 
was imperatively insisted upon was one that should 
forever redound to the honor of the noble German 
house who refused to accept the charter unless it con- 
tained a provision against the system of enslaving 
the natives, known as encomiendas. 

The Fuggers not only demanded that Charles V. 



which was the southernmost point of the grant made to Pizarro. Ibid p, 
408. See also "Die Fugger and der Spanische Gewiirzhandel." Augs- 
burg 1892. 

"^ In the Spanish documents, this factor appears as Guido Herl, 
Hezerle or Horrelo. According to the " Personal Repertorium " of the 
family archives of the noble Fugger family, the correct name is Veit 
Horl. Here is also preserved his last will and testament, together with 
a document wherein Horl endowed a charitable institution in the year 
1546, See also K. Heabler. Zeitschrift, vol xxvii, Berlin, 1892. 

"^ Ibid, pp. 111-112, 



The Earliest Protest against Slavery. 



8i 



should abstain from granting any encomienda "* 
privileges within the bounds of their province, but 
also undertook, so far as they were concerned, to ac- 
cept the provision against this form of slavery in its 
fullest sense. They were evidently satisfied as to 
the iniquity of the institution, and that in their 

opinion other and more 
humane means would be 
found to further the colo- 
nization of the colonv and 
the civilization of the 
Indians far more rapidly 
than could be done by 
means of servitude."'' We 
have here a German pro- 
test against human slavery 
which antedates the cele- 
brated Germantown one 
by fully a century and a 
half."^ It was well toward 
the end of 153 1 ere the 
negotiations were ended, 
and the document signed 
by the Spaniards upon one part, and Veit Horl, as 
agent for his principals, upon the other. 




"6 Weyland (Berlin, 1808,) who endorsed this system of slavery, (p. 43) 
gives the following description of the system known in Spanish annals 
as Encotniendas. He states that the object of the system was to bring 
all Indians within a certain district under the supervision of some intelli- 
gent Spaniard, without, however, conferring upon him any absolute 
right of possession (Eigenthumsrecht. ) He was required: i. To pro- 



Si The Fatherland 1450-ijoo. 

Another interesting feature of the concession 
granted to the Fugger company by Charles V. was 
the right and privilege to mint and coin both gold 
and silver money, for circulation at home as well as 
in the provinces granted them. 

Thus far no accounts have been published as to 
the expeditions sent out to Chili, or what efforts, if 



tect them from all imposition and oppression, to which they were liable 
by reason of their igiiorance of the requirements of the civil laws. 
2 To unite them in one village, without, however, being permitted to 
live among them. 3. To cause them to be instructed in the Christian 
religion. 4. To regulate their social economy, and obtain the respect 
for the heads of families due them, a condition entirely unknown to the 
Indians 5. To observe the relationship in the various families, and to 
introduce such customs as would bring about civilized order. 6. To 
instruct them in agriculture, and such trades as would be of benefit to 
them. 7. To eradicate all desires or customs of their former savage 
mode of life. 

For the above endeavors in their behalf, these Encomiendas, as the 
Indians were now called, were required to pay their Master or Enco- 
menderos, a yearly tribute, either in manual labor, in the products oi 
the ground, or in monty. (Weyland, pp. 43-5. See, also Mitchell's 
translation of Depons Voyage to Terra Firma.) The tribute, perhaps in 
most cases, required not only the labor of the head of the family, but of 
every man, woman and child as well. It was merely a cloak for the 
worst kind of slavery. The Indians were parcelled out by thousands by 
the Court of Spain to the various favorites, both male and female. 
There were Encomenderos who never came to America, but collected 
their tribute l)y proxy through resident agents, who, if their demands 
were not paid, simply sold the Indians into absolute slavery in adjoin- 
ing colonies. The law permitting this terrible abuse of the American 
natives was abrogated in 1568. See also Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fiir 
Erdkunde zu Berlin, Band XXVII, 1S92, pp. 405-419 

"' Haebler, Kolonial Unternehmungen der Fugger, (Berlin, 1892) p. 
417- 

"* Done at Germantown, Pennsylvania: "Ye 18 of the 2 month 1688." 
For text in full see Pennypacker's Historical and Biographical sketches. 
Philadelphia 1883, pp. 42-45. 



Germmts in Paraguay. 83 

any, were made by the Germans at colonization on 
the western coast of America. 

Before passing the subject of German activity in 
the development of South America, we will state 
that the Germans did not confine their attention 
alone to the north and west coast of the new hemi- 
sphere, but were equally active in the exploration of 
Brazil and the countries adjacent to the Rio de la 
Platte. Here again the name and enterprise of the 
Welsers and other German merchants are met with, 
more or less prominently. Two printed accounts 
have come down to us of the exploration and settle- 
ment of the countries now known as Paraguay and 
Buenos Ayres, which show how the Germans shared 
in the vicissitudes of their early settlement. 

The most prominent of these books is the Narra- 
tive of Ulrich Schmidt von Straubingen,"^ a native 
of Bavaria, and covers the period from 1 534-1 554. 
It gives an account of how he went upon an expedi- 
tion to America in one of the Welser vessels. This 

was published at Frankfort by Sebastian Franck 

and Sigismund Feyerabend, in a collection of Voy- 
ages, under the following title '}^ 

" Wai'hafftige vnd liebliche Beschreibung etlicher 

furnemen Indianischen Landschafften vnd htstUen^ die 

vor^nals i7t keiner Chronicken gedacht^ vnd erstlich in 

der Schiffart Vlrici Schmidts von Stranbingen^ mil 



"' Known in Spanish records as ''Schmidel'^ and "UMericus Faber.^^ 
^'" An English translation of this book has lately been published by 

the Hakluyt Society. "The conquest of the River Platte, 1535-1555." 

London i8qi. 



84 



The Fatherland 14^0-1 joo. 



grosser gefahr erkundigt^ vnd von ihm selber auffs 
fleissigst beschrieben vnd darge than. MDLXVII. 

The other work is the narrative of Hans Stade 
and covers the period 1547-1554.^^°^ 

Warachti | ge Historie eude be | schrivinge eens 
landts in America ghelegen, wiens inwoonders wilt, | 
naeckt, seer godloos, ende Wreede | Menschen eters 
sijn. Beschreuen door Hans Staden van Homborch 
ut lant van | Hessen, die welcke seiner in Persoone | 
het landt America besocht heeft. | Vt den Hooch- 
dnysch-overgheset. | Tantwerpen | By Christoffel 
Plantyn, unde gulden Eenhooren. 1558 Met 
privilgif. i 




Arms of thk Rupublic of Chili. 



"^"^^ Copies of both the above rare volumes are in the Carter Brown 
Library, Providence, R. I. 




RELIGIOUS CAUSES INDUCIVE TO GERMAN 
EMIGRATION. 



^ian6Itmg/^cdcffl/t»nn6gn(Bnfetott/ fo fmoicni' 

mcnvvo.'bmfdnvonnallm $^otcmrtrnn& 

l}auffcn&ec <J3autcn/ fo fictJk romcn 

Pcrpflict)Cf}a6cn;lV^:i^:xxv: 




Fac-Simile of the Title Page of Broadside Cort- 

UNY, the Fruehn Article of the Peasants,! 

A. D., 1525. 



mETURN- 
y^y ing once 
more to the per- 
iod of the Refor- 
m a t i o n , two 
other historical 
episodes are re- 
called, which in 
the course of a 
century and a 
half were des- 
tined to exercise 
considerable in- 
fluence upon the 
exodus o f the 
Germans from 
the Fatherland, 
and the future 
complexion o f 
our Common- 
wealth. The 




86 The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 yoo. 

first of these movements, the so-called Peasants' War 
(1524-26) was an uprising of the masses in central 
and southern Germany in the interests of a univer- 
sal democracy. It ended in their defeat and an in- 
crease of the burdens of the peasantry, and we may 
say their further enslavement. 

The other episode, a religious movement, under 

iegran6tlicbmt)n5 ircd> 

Jtmbaupt ifrtickclaUcr 

bmtkbzfhx>nb bindcrTdfcii 

licbcn obcrkcftcn r)onn 
wdcbcnffcficbbc 
kbxoutx>ctmdo 

Title Page of the Twelve Articles of 1525. 

the leadership of Knipperdolling and Johann von 
Leydere, called by various names, most generally 
" Anabaptist " ^^°^ (1519-1534) though small at first 
and accompanied by the wildest excesses of lawless 
fanaticism, ^^^ in the course of years, under the teach- 



nob Thg Anabaptist movement in Germany was in reality an out- 
come of the Peasants' war. Tiie chief seat of this agitation was at 
Miinster in Westphalen, where under the leadership of Knipperdolling 
and his son-in-law John of Leyden, both the religious and civil govern- 
ment was assumed by the adherents of the new sect. 










■u ^■'\$i£r)l 



ux 



Julich-Cleve'schen Erblander 

zu Aiifano ^.IT.Jaluiiiuiderts. 
MaBsUib 1:2 200 000. 

10 ^ ID ?0 30 40 y 



The JtJLICH-OLEVE Hereditary Domain at the commencement 
of the XVIIth Century. 



The Peasmits' Broadside. 



87 



^in Sermon 0cp:eDiGet »om 

e)C0ttietifc^crt/4ucb vott anriif' 




Title Page of Broadside Circulated Among the Peasantry. 



88 



The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 yoo. 



ings of Menno Simon, who gathered up the scattered 
Baptists, resolved itself into the denominations 
known as Mennonites, Dunkers and similar congre- 
gations, who are now among our most peaceful and 
harmless Christians. Their haven of rest was event- 
ual y found in the fertile valleys of our own Penn- 
sylvania,'^ and their descendants are to-day among 
our most thrifty and respected citizens. 




Title of the First German Bible. 
(Reduced Fac-Simile.) 



'" The main cause for these excesses was a certain Johannes Bockhold, 
a tailor of Leyden, who came to Miinster in 1533. Assuming the name 
of John of Leyden. he excited a portion of the populace, and had him- 
self declared as king of New Zion. From this period 1534, Miinster 
became the theatre of all the excesses of fanaticism, lust and cruelty. 
The city was captured June 24, 1535, by the forces under the Bishop of 
Miinster, and the kingdom of the Anabaptists was destroyed by the 
execution of the chief men. 



Council of Trent. 89 

In the year 1520, while the emperor Charles V. 
was sojourning in Germany, a letter was handed to 
him from America. This missive, dated July 16, 
1 5 19, and now in the archives of the Imperial 
Library at Vienna, was from Hernando Cortez, and 
told of the capture of a country rich in precious ore. 
This was welcome news to that impecunious ruler. 
The returns for the next decade, however, failed to 
make any great impression upon the finances of 
Spain, and it was not until the stream of blood- 
stained gold from Peru reached Spain in 1534, that 
the emperor of Germany and king of Spain felt him- 
self free from the power of the German merchants, 
and in a position to curtail the privileges of these 
wealthy commercial corporations, the chief among 
which was the powerful Hanseatic League, whose in- 
fluence had so long excited the jealousy of the German 
emperor and his electors. 

This improvement in Spain's finances and their 
consequent independence of German merchants, was 
followed by a cloud of Latin bigotry and intolerance, 
which again darkened the horizon of the Fatherland 
and threatened to sweep away the last vestige of 
religious liberty obtained after so severe a struggle at 
the Peace of Niimberg in 1532. 

The Council of Trent (1545) had become a matter 
of history. Charles V, being then free from foreign 
complications and acting under the impulses of the 



"^ See Mennonite Emigration to Pennsylvania, by Dr. J. G. DeHoop 
Scheffer, Amsterdam, in Penna. Magazine of History. Vol. ii p. 117. 



go The Fatherland i^^o-iyoo. 

Council, with the flood of silver at his disposal, 
which was now coming in by the cargo, being the 
output of the mines of Potosi, determined to make a 
mighty effort to crush the independence of the 
estates of the empire in Germany and the Protestant 
religion at the same time. He was urged on by the 
Pope, Paul III, who sent a contingent of 12,000 foot 
and 1,000 horse. Charles V, in his ambition, how- 
ever, was opposed by the so-called Schmalkaldic 
League,^^ a confederation of the Protestant princes 
and imperial cities under the leadership of John 
Frederick, of Saxony. A two-years' war was the re- 
sult, and ended disastrously for the Protestants.^-* 

These troubles did not come to an end until Sep- 
tember 25, 1555, when the religious peace of Augs- 
burg^^ was consummated. But this only granted 
religious freedom to such as adhered t' > the Augsburg 
Confession. It secured no privileges whatever to the 
Reformed (Geneva) religion. 



"^ The Smalcaldic League was concluded February, 27, 1531, by 7 
Princes, 2 Counts and 11 free cities for mutual defence of their 
religious and political independence against Charles V. and the Catholic 
States. 

'" The victory of the Imperial forces over Philip von Hessen, at 
Miihlberg, April 24, 1547. 

''^ The territorial princes and the free cities, who, at this date, ac- 
knowledged the confession of Augsburg, received freedom of worship, 
the right to introduce the reformation within their territories {jus 
reformandi), and equal rights with the Catholic estates. No agreement 
reached as regarded the Ecclesiastical Reservation {Reservatum ecclesi- 
astiaini) that the spiritual estates (bishops and abbots) who became 
Protestant should lose their offices and incomes This peace secured 
no privileges lor the Reformed (Geneva) religion. 



A Huguenot Colony. 91 

This state of religious intolerance and unrest in 
both Germany and France culminated during the 
memorable year of 1555 in an attempt being made to 
establish a distinctively Protestant settlement in 
America. It was made under the patronage of Ad- 
miral de Coligny, but failed through the defection of 
the leader.^-*^ In 1562 and 1564 a second and third 
attempt were made under the same auspices. These 
latter ventures were within the bounds of the United 
States, and among the emigrants were a number of 
Alsatians and Hessians who had served under the 
Admiral's brother. 

The settlement in 1562 was made near Port Royal 
in South Carolina, and was soon abandoned. Two 
years later Coligny sent out an expedition under 
Ren6 Laudonniere to carry aid and reinforcements to 
Ribault's colony. Finding the settlement abandoned, 
they sailed up the St. John's river in Florida, and 
there built Fort Carolina. Ribault arrived the fol- 
lowing year, August 28, 1565. Three weeks later 
the settlement was captured by Spaniards under 
Mendez de Aviles, who had all the settlers brutally 
tortured and murdered ; after which he set up a 
placard : '''' I do this not as to Fre^icJinien^ but as to 
Lutherans!''' Ribault, with a number of settlers, 
escaped to sea, but his vessel was wrecked, and the 
crew and company shared the same fate as their fel- 
lows at Fort Carolina. 

In Germany the era of religious tranquillity proved 



*** Chevalier Nicolaus Durand de Villegegannon. 



92 The Fatherla7id 14^0-1 yoo. 

of but short duration. The abdication of Emperor 
Charles V, January 15,1556, at Brussels ; the election 
of his younger brother (Ferdinand I, 1 556-1 564) and 
the reign of the latter's son, Maximilian II, 1564- 
1576, and grandson, Rudolph II, 1576-1612, (a 
learned man who fostered the occult sciences, and 
was an adept in astrology, alchemy and astronomy) 
all happened within a quarter of a century. Then 
came a reaction against Protestantism, which led to 
the formation of a Protestant Union (1608) under 
Frederick IV, elector Palatine; and a Catholic 
Union a year later, led by Maximilian, duke of 
Bavaria.^^ To further complicate matters, Rudolph 
II was succeeded by his childless brother, Matthias 
(1612-1619.) The latter having obtained the renun- 
ciation of his brothers, secured the imperial succes- 
sion for his cousin Ferdinand, duke of Styria, (Ferd- 
inand II, 1619-1637) who had been educated by the 
Jesuits in strict Catholicism. The outcome of these 
various complications was the great struggle known 
in history as the Thirty Years' War.^^ 

This struggle is generally divided into four periods, 
which were really as many different wars. The first 
two, known as the Bohemian and Danish, had a pre- 
dominant religious character; they developed from 



"' Both of the above leaders were princes of the house of Wittelsbach. 

"* The various rulers of Europe at the outbreak of this celebrated 
struggle were: Emperor, Matthias; Pope, Paul V; Sultan, Osman; Spain, 
Naples and Sicily, Philip III; France, Louis XIII; England, James I; 
Poland, Sigismundus III; Denmark and Norway, Christian IV; Sweden, 
Gustavus Adolphus; Bohemia, Ferdinand 11; Hungary, Ferdinand. 



5citungau^^d(n/Dom i8. 3umj. 2lnno 1609. 

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Icb ntmtn / toU bonn au4 ms<i\ btp jcijisai ^rf cg^nxfcn jiptfdjcn 6*n?<t>n] / 9)oUn t^nb 
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fran- 



Fac-simile page from the oldest kno-wrn German ne-wspaper. 
It contains a notice of an expedition to Virginia. 



Revolt in Bohemia. 



93 



the revolt in Bohemia to a general attack by Catholic 
Europe upon Protestant Europe. The last two wars, 
the Swedish and Swedish-French were political wars ; 
wars against the power of the house of Hapsburg, 
and wars of conquest on the part of Sweden and 
France upon German soil. 





THE THIRTY YEARS ' WAR. 



/|^ EVER IN THE HIS- 
\2/ tory of Germany, since 
it occupied a place among 
civilized nations, did the 
Fatherland present so lament- 
able and helpless a condition 
as was the case during the 
second half of the XVIIth 
century, after the terrors of 
the great war were over. 

The actual damage entailed 

A Helmet of the Period. , -i i , -i 

by the extended struggle 
known as the Thirty Years' War is hard to estimate. 
Perhaps the greatest real harm done to the nation 
was the breaking down of almost every barrier of 
moral or religious restraint ; a condition which led, 
more or less, to the abandonment of all the ties of 
domestic life/^ 

The actual losses of Germany during this period 
of devastation can only be approximated by consult- 




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Devastation of Germany, 95 

ing the statistics of individual states or communities. 
Thus in Wiirtemberg, from 1634-41 over 345,000 
human beings perished by sword, famine and pesti- 
lence, and at the close of the war the Duchy had but 
48,000 inhabitants, impoverished and disheartened. 
Eight cities, 45 villages, 65 churches, and 158 school 
and parochial houses had been burned. Before the 
war the Palatinate was credited with a population of 
half a million souls ; at the close of the struggle, a 
census showed less than one-tenth of the original 
number. 

Perhaps the most drastic and yet not overdrawTi 
description of Germany's condition is given by Scherr 
in his Ctiltur und Sittengeschichte, wherein he states : 
'' The scum of Europe's mercenary hirelings spread 
over Germany's fertile plains, and there perpetrated 
the most terrible martial tragedy which has ever been 
recorded upon pages in the history of nations." 

To the nameless licentiousness of the military cus- 
toms of that day must be added a repulsive senti- 
mentality combined with inhumanity, and an insane 
desire to kill for the mere pleasure of murdering. 

The countless cases of arson, robbery and homi- 
cide, the slaughter of innocent children, the rape 
of maiden and matron, often in view of the help- 
less parent or father, who had been previously 
bound, maimed or mutilated ; the massacre of the 
population of entire towns which had been captured ; 
the drenching of the populace with a villainous 



^ Ursprung und wesen des Pietismus. Sachsse, Wiesbaden, i884. 



g6 The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 joo. 




A Camp Scene During the Thirty Years' War. 
(The Portable Prison in the Left Corner.) 

decoction of lye known as the so-called Schweden- 
trank ; tlie merciless extortions, the wanton destruc- 
tion of cattle, grain, crops and domiciles ; all these 
and similar tribulations fell to the lot of Germany 
during the eventful thirty years from 1618 to 1648. 

The armies upon either side w^ere a mere rabble 
and a gathering of outlaws, robbers and plunderers, 
who cared more to extort contributions from the de- 
fenceless peasant and helpless citizen than to face an 
armed foe in the cause of the banners under which 
they fought. 



Female Harpies. 97 

There was but little attempt at uniforming tlie 
troops, and witli the exception of the French and 
Hollanders, they were never provided with any dis- 
tinctive clothing. The great majority of soldieiy on 
both sides could only be told from beggars or stroll- 
ing vagabonds b}^ the arms they carried. So univer- 
sal was this the case, that prior to going into battle 
the various companies would adopt some mark, as a 
white or red band around the sleeve, or a green sprig 
in their hats, so that the}^ might distinguish them- 
selves from the foe. Another difference between the 
armies of the Thirty Years' War and of later wars, 
was the large number of camp-followers ( Ti'oss^ and 
of women ( Tross-weiber) ; these two classes in some 
cases amounted to more than three or four times the 
number of troops in the field. ^-^^ No soldier went to 
the wars in those times unless he took a wife or 
Tross-woman with him, who not only attended to the 
cooking, washing and mending for her soldier, but on 
the march also carried all baggage for which there 
was no room in the baggage-train. 

It was these female camp-followers who were the 
most dreaded plunderers, and who subjected the 
helpless matron and maiden of the captured towns 
and villages to tortures to which death would have 
been preferable. 

Nothing was left undone by these harpies to ex- 
tract any hidden valuables from the poor victim who 



i29» ' Geschichte des dreisigjahrigen Krieges," Leipzig 1882. Vol. iii, 

p. 221. 



98 The Fatherland 1450-1700. 

was Handed over into their clutches. A favorite 
method of torture with them was to remove the flints 
from the gun-locks, and insert in their place the 
thumb of the victim, thus improvising one of the 
most painful instruments of torture. 

Another favorite method of these she-monsters was 
to pierce the tongue and draw a fine horse-hair 
through it, and then either lead their prisoner thereby 
or else draw it back and forth. Boring holes in the 
knee-caps^*' was humane in comparison with other 
excesses which are upon record, and vouched for in 
many instances, '^^ 

At last, after such a terrible scourge of thirty 
years' duration, the negotiations which commenced 
in 1643, having for their object a lasting peace, were 
brought to a close in the year 1648. 

The convention which brought this great struggle 
to a peaceful end, was the outcome of an Imperial 
diet held at Regensburg, when it was decreed that a 
meeting of deputies should be convened at Frankfort, 
in May, 1642. This was, however, delayed until a 
year later, when the convention adjourned until the 
following year. It was then resolved that the various 
peace commissioners should assemble at Miinster to 
treat with the French, and at Osnabruck with the 
Swedes, and to perfect a protocol which would lead to 
a lasting peace. 

These negotiations extended over several years, 



I'o "Geschichte des dreisigjahrigen Krieges," Leipzig 1882, Vol. iii, 
p. 222. 
1" Ibid 



Peace of Westphalia. 99 

and it was not until October 24, 1648, tliat peace 
resolutions were signed by all parties at Miinster. 
This is wbat is known in history as the Peace of 
Westphalia. ^^^ A large silver medal was struck to 
commemorate the close of this memorable struggle ; 
a fac-simile of this token showing both obverse and 
reverse is here reproduced.^^^^ 

The chief diplomats engaged in this Congress ^^^^ 
were Count Troutmannsdorf and Dr. Volmer, upon 
the part of the Imperialists ; d'Avaux and Servien 
for the French ; while count Oxenstiema, son of the 
great chancellor, and baron Salvius, represented the 
Swedish interests. In addition to the above, France 
and Sweden, against the will of the emperor, secured 
the participation of the estates of the empire in the 
negotiations.^^ 



^^^ For a full account of these negotiations, see Gindley, dreissig- 
jahrigen Krieges, Leipzig 1882. Vol, iii, pp. 174, et seq. 

"*■ A specimen is in the collection of Mr. Harry Rodgers of Philadel- 
phia. 

isib Terburg, the artist, painted a large canvas representing the final 
scene of this memorable Congress. This painting is now in the Royal 
gallery at London. 

'^^ By this peace, the religious and political state of Germany was 
settled ; the sovereignty of the members of the Empire was acknowl- 
edged. The changes which had been made for the advantage of the 
Protestants since the religious peace in 1555, were confirmed by the 
determination that everything should remain as it had been at the be- 
ginning of the [so-called] normal year, 1624. The Calvinists received 
equal rights with the adherents of the Augsburg Confession or the 
Lutherans. This peace gave the death-blow to the political unity of 
Germany. It made the German empire, which was always a most dis- 
advantageous form of government for the people, a disjointed frame 
without organization or system, a condition from which the nation did 
not recover until the glorious wars against France in 1870-1. 



loo The Fatherlad 14^0-1 joo. 

The final peace, however, was not executed until 
June 26, 1650, when the historic parchment was 
signed at Niirnberg,^** where the occasion was made 
one of great rejoicing, the chief feature of which 
was the banquet given in the town hall by the Im- 
perial general, Piccolomini. 

The Fatherland, at the conclusion of the peace of 
Westphalia, was in a pitiable condition. It had 
suffered an irreparable loss of men and wealth, an 
unheard-of reduction of population, great increase of 
poverty, and a retrogression in all ranks of its inhab- 
itants. This was followed by famine and pestilence, 
and in view of these terrible conditions we may well 
accept the statement that the population of the 
Fatherland fell from sixteen millions to four millions, 
and ended with the almost total annihilation of Ger- 
many's wealth and influence.^^^^ 

Formerly, the German emperor was the acknowl- 
edged head of western nations. Now he was shorn 
of all but the merest shadow of imperial power, and 
his domain served his enemies and neighboring rulers 
as a ready object for division and compensation. 

In former years the fleet of the German Hansa 
ruled the ocean, and brought all sorts of foreign 
products to German ports. Now the glory of com- 



"* The rulers of Europe, at the time of the peace of Westphalia: 
Emperor, Ferdinand IV; Pope, Innocent X; Sultan, Achmet II, son ol 
Ibraim; France, Lx)uis XIV; Spain, Philip IV; England, Charles I; 
Poland, Casimir; Denmark and Norway, Frederick III; Sweden, Queen 
Christina; Bohemia, Ferdinand IV; Hungary, Ferdinand IV. 

^**» Sachsse, Ursprung und Wesen des Pietism us Wiesbaden, 1884, 



Decline of the Empire, loi 

mercial supremacy had been gradually wrested from 
them, first by the Italians, then by Spain, and later 
by Holland and England. Thus was Germany cut 
off from sharing in the riches of the newly discovered 
regions, or extending her power and influence by 
colonization. 

Nor would it have been possible for Germany un- 
der the then existing conditions to aspire to colonial 
or foreign possessions, for she had by no means been 
able to maintain her own borders. 

Holland and Sweden had long since recognized the 
importance of foreign extension, which policy re- 
sulted in the establishment of West India compan- 
ies, under whose auspices attempts at settlement 
were made upon the shores of the Hudson and the 
Delaware, movements in which we again find Ger- 
man blood prominently represented. 






Royal Arms of Holland. 



DUTCH AND SWEDISH ATTEMPTS AT 
COLONIZATION. 

/^ARIOUS EXPEDI- 
\3 tions were sent out to 
America from Holland at 
an early date, and we have 
vague accounts of attempts 
at settlements under Cor- 
nelius Mey^^' and Ver- 
hulst.^^^ It was not, how- 
ever, until the formation of the Dutch West 
India Company, an organization projected by Wil- 
helm Usselinx,^'^'' that the first successful effort at 
colonization was made. This colony was led by 
Peter Minuet, a German from Wesel,^^*^ who landed 
on Manhattan island, May 4, 1626, and there laid 
the foundation of New Amsterdam, and at the same 
time that of the Reformed faith in America. 

The German soldier, Peter Minuet, was the first 
governor of the colony of New Netherlands, and 
acted as ruling elder of the church in the infant 
settlement.^^ It is a fact worthy of special mention 



THE PEN/NSYLVANIA-CERMAM SOCIETY. 




CU5TAI/US ADOLriiUS. WWC OF SWEDEN. 

I BORN DEC. 9. 1 59;*, DIED NOU. 16. 1632.' 



(FROn PRINTINQ AT HISTORICHL SOCIETY OF F E N NS YLU R N I A.) 



First Organized Congregation. 103 

that the congregation founded on Manhattan island 
during the reign of Peter Minuet, was the first fully 
organized Protestant church on the American conti- 
nent/^ with a settled pastor, with regularly chosen 
officers, a list of communicant members, and the 
stated administration of sacraments. 

Treaties were made with the Indians and commer- 
cial relations were opened with the Puritans in Mass- 
achusetts. The settlers, among whom German 
blood was largely represented, came here to found 



"5 The first attempt at Dutch settlement in America was made in the 
year 1623, under Director Cordelius Mey. 

13511 The attempt to found a colony under Verhulst was made in the 
year 1625. 

135b por the thirty-five different spellings of the name of this pioneer 
promoter, the reader is referred to Jamison's Willem Usselinx, New 
York, 1887. Willem Usselinx was bom at Antwerp in June, 1567. The 
exact date of his death is not known, as no record of either his death 
or burial have thus far been found. He probably died in the year 1647, 
at the age of eighty years. It does not appear fi-om any of his numerous 
writings that he ever was married or had any children. 

'^* Peter Minnewit (Minuet, Menewe, Meneve, or Menuet) was bora 
at Wesel on the Rhine, of Protestant parentage. Little is known ot 
his early life. There is also a doubt as to the time and place of his 
death. The most generally accepted account and evidently the true 
one, is that he was drowned in the harbor of St Christophers, during a 
a sudden squall upon his return voyage to Sweden. Kapp, in his mono- 
graph "Peter Minnewit aus Wesel," Miinchen 1866, without citing any 
authority, states that his death and burial took place at Fort Christina, 
sometime during the year 1641. The former is however no doubt the 
true account: certain it is that Minnewit never returned to Europe. 

"' Pastor Michaelius, who served the Reformed Church at New Am- 
sterdam in 1628, mentions the fact in his 'Bericht" that the Director 
Minnewit of Wesel who had acted as Diakon of the Reformed church in 
his native city, had now assumed the same function in the new church 
here. 

'** Peter Minuet, by Rev, Cyrus Cort, Dover, Del., p. 23. 



I04 The Fatherlad 1 450-1 joo. 

liomes for themselves and their families ; others, 
again, to establish commercial relations with the old 
world, and to develop the resources of the new coun- 
try. All this was in direct contrast to what had 
thus far been the policy of the heartless and bigoted 
Spaniard. 

As a matter of impartial history ; — to the German 
soldier and adventurer, Peter Minuet, belongs the 
credit for inaugurating the humane and christian 
policy of peaceful negotiation and fair dealings with 
the Indians ; a policy for which so much praise has 
been showered upon William Penn by poet, painter 
and historian. Yet here, upon the banks of the 
North river, stood Peter Minuet, a native bom Ger- 
man, and director of the Dutch West India Com- 
pany, bargaining with the Indians for their land 
(Manhattan island) before he would permit any set- 
tlement to be made by his colonists, ^'^^ This scene 
was enacted just eighteen years before the birth of 
William Penn and was re-enacted by the same pious 
adventurer on the banks of the South (Delaware) 
river some years later, when in the services of 
Sweden.^^° 

Under the administration of Minuet, trade and 
commerce flourished in the new settlement, immi- 
grants continued to arrive, and the colony from the 
outset entered upon a career of tranquillity and 
prosperity. 



i3!» winsor, Critical History. Vol. iv, p. 398. 

>^ This treaty or purchase was concluded from five chiefs of the 
Minquas, belonging to the great Iroquois race. 



German Influence. 



105 



Now, what have been the results from this small 
colony upon the strip of island shore, established 
there by this German adventurer and christian 
soldier, Peter Minuet, who was the first European to 
deal honestly and frankly with the aborigines of the 
North American colonies, and found a settlement 
upon principles of humanity and religious tolerance ? 
The answer is that after the lapse of almost three 
centuries, the small settlement of Dutch and Ger- 
man nationality has become the Empire state of the 
American Union, while the little town founded on 
the extreme end of Manhattan island is now the 
commercial metropolis of iVmerica ; and I am proud 
to say that German influence is to-day even more 
paramount in commercial, industrial and social circles 
than it was when the first civil government was 

established there 
by the German, 
Peter Minuet. 

After the States- 
General of H o 1 - 
land, in 1629, i^" 
trod need the 
feudal system into 
their American 



<^s>^ possessions by 
what is known as 
the " Charter for Exemptions and Freedom," Usselinx 
severed his connection with the Dutch West India 
Company, and in the next year, 1630, we find him, 
with his restless activity, seeking to interest Swe- 




RoYAi. Arms of Sweden. 



ig6 The Fatherland 14^0-iyoo. 

den's king in a similar project for colonization in the 
western world. Two years later, (1632) Peter Minuet 
also resigned his commission under the Dutch com- 
pany, and returned to Germany. 

As the Swedes at that time were at the height of 
their power in Germany, it occurred to Usselinx to 
interest German capital and population in the scheme 
as well as the Swedish nation. For this purpose he 




Autograph of Gustavus Adolphus. 

issued a pamphlet called Mercurms Germaniae^'^'^ 
that is Herald of Germany (or German Mercury) 
setting forth to the Germans the advantages of his 
commercial project, and offering them inducements 
to engage in it, under the amplified charter which 
was to admit them to participation with the Swedes. 

This plan was approved by the king, Gustavus 
Adolphus, by a patent issued at Niirnberg, dated but 
a few days prior to the fatal November day when the 
great Swede fell at Lutzen. An ampflication of this 
charter had also been prepared, with the king's ap- 
proval, in favor of the German nation. This docu- 
ment was dated Niirnberg, October 16, 1632, but was 
left unsigned by the king. 



Mercurius Germaniae. 



107 




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VMftintt 



Mfl* 



Title Page of Mercurius Germaniae. Original at Historical Society 
OF Pennsylvania. 



io8 The Fatherlad 14^0-iyoo. 

The patent, however, was signed at Heilbronn, 
April 10, 1633, by the Swedish chancellor. Axel 
Oxenstjerna^'*^ who, though a Swede by birth, was a 
German by adoption and education. In the follow- 
ing May the chancellor, while still at Heilbronn, 
issued a commission which seems to have been drawn 
up for the king's signature, empowering Usselinx as 
chief director of the new South Company to proceed 
with its immediate organization. 

Usselinx, having obtained his enlarged grant, at 
once issued a German 
prospectus of 1 2 7 pages 
folio, under the title 
Arg07iautica Gustavi- 
ana}"^^ The first item 
in the contents of the 
book is a proclamation^ fJ /-****^>^ 

or patent by Oxen- ^^*o*-f»*W^^2^^ ^ 
stjerna, dated Frank- ^^^7^^^^^^^ 

fort, June 26, 1633, ^^ 

giving notice of the re- seal and autograph of oxenstierna. 
newal of the charter, with amplifications and the re- 
appointment of Usselinx, and charging all to assist 
in so good a work.^*^ Meetings were held in differ- 
ent cities "^ during the next twelve months to organ- 




"^ '' Mercurius Germaniae, that is, Special Exposition for Germany." 
See Jamison, Willem Usselinx, p. 312. 

"^ Ibid, 317. 

^*-* This is supposed to be the earliest German book or pamphlet on 
Emigration. For the bibliography of the Argonautica, see Ibid, Appen- 
dix No. 26. 

'** Ibid, 319. 



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@c^rucftJu5rancffllrtam5$?al)^/ari>C4fpatS6^r(fl« 

3in3at)r$^rifh « 6 h- Mcnfcjunio, 

Title Page of Argonautica Gustaviana. Original at Historical Society 
OF Pennsylvania. 



I lo The Father lad 14^0- lyoo, 

ize regular colonies, but just at the time wHen 
success seemed assured, the vicissitudes of war, upon 
the well contested field of Nordlingen, put an end to 
the undertaking so far as Germany as a nation was 
concerned. 

For a time the project lagged, but it was gradually 
revived, and in the autumn of 1637 ^ small expedi- 
tion, consisting almost entirely of Hollanders and 
Germans, set out from Gottenberg under Peter 
Minuet. This little fleet reached the shores of the 
South (Delaware) river about the middle of March, 
1638. Here the scenes enacted twelve 5^ears 
previously on Manhattan island were repeated. ^^^ 
On March 29, 1638, a treaty was made with the 
Indians upon the spot where Wilmington now 
stands, ^*'^ A colony was started, and the foundation 
laid of the first regularly organized Lutheran church 
in America, ^"^^ one of whose chief objects was the 
christianizing of the Indians, for which the catechism 
of Luther was translated into the Indian vernacular 
and printed at an early time long before the century 
had passed into history. 



"^ Accounts of some of these meetings held at Frankfort on the Mayn 
and at Niirnberg, are still in existence. 

^^ Peter Minuet Memorial, p. 29. 

"^ Vide History of New Sweden, by Acrelius; also Ferris, Original 
Settlements on the Delaware, p. 43. 

"® The colonists at first had their public worship in the fort erected at 
the landing place. This was the first place dedicated to divine worship 
in the Christian name on the banks of the Delaware. The first pastor of 
this congregation was the Rev. Reorus Torkillus, who came out with 
the expedition, and officiated until his death in 1643. 



THE FE/NNSYLVANlA-CERnAiN SOCIETY. 




OXEL OXENSTIERiNA. 
THE GREAT SWEDISH CHANCELLOR. 
'BORN 1583. DIED 1 554. 1 
(FROn ORICilNHL CANUAS AT HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF FEN NS YLUfl N I fl.) 



Lutheran Catechism. 



Ill 




LUTHERI 

^frcetfatt 




pa 



American - Virginijf c 




(Storf()olm/ 

Jti)rft ct^i t^ct af ^onfll. -SJla^". privileg. 
BUR.CHARDI i^tpcf fri/af ^.^.©OTat^/ f. 

Anno M DC XCVI. 

Title Page of Lutheran Catechism in the Indian Langcage. Originai. 
IN HisroRZCAi Society of Pennsylvania. 



112 



The Fatherlad 14^0-1 joo. 



Peter INIinuet, the brave German soldier, never re- 
turned from this voyage ; but his expedition, small 
as it was, had sowed the germ of another of the 
original states of the American Union. 





THE FRENCH WARS OF CONQUEST. 



J^ 






4,vOvJ7 




















AUMS OF THE CHUR-PFLATZ. 



ETURNING ONCE 

'more to Europe, it is 
found that when event- 
ually France, under the 
rule of Louis XIV, be- 
came the political and in- 
tellectual leader of 
Europe, a polic}^ was 
inaugurated whereby her 
borders were extended eastward at German}^ 's ex- 
pense. The royal power was asserted by the king, 
who, aided by Mazarin, used it to further his ambi- 
tions and unjust plans of aggrandizement. Thus it 
became possible for him to maintain his wars of con- 
quest in Holland, devastate Wiirtemberg and the 
Palatinate, occupy the city of Strasburg, and event- 
ually detach Alsace and Lorraine, 

In this course of rapine and murder upon German 
soil, the French were neither opposed by the German 



114 '^^^^ Fatherland 14^0-1 joo. 

emperor Leopold, nor by England, which was then 
rent by internal dissension. In justice to the em- 
peror, it may be said that at that critical period he 
was even harder pushed in the far east by the Turks, 
whose triumphant advance was only checked xmder 
the walls of Vienna by the bravery of the German- 
Polish contingent which had been hurriedly gathered. 

Sweden had also taken a threatening position in 
the north, and made attempts to extend her domain 
southwards from Pomerania : — efforts which were 
only checked by the glorious victor}^ of the great 
elector upon the field at Fehrbellin (1675.) 

None of these unfortunate warlike movements, 
however, would have placed the Fatherland in the 
helpless condition here shown, had it not been for the 
internal dissensions, political and religious, caused 
by the quarrel between the emperor and the petty 
local rulers. 

We will now take a glance at the religious situ- 
ation of Germany at this critical period. After the 
close of the long war in Europe, Germany, under the 
continued strain of warlike excitement, was natur- 
ally slow in recuperating religiously, financially and 
intellectually ; and in the evangelical sections we 
again have a long period of unrest, which to some 
extent spread to the Catholic church, and in which 
mystical theology pla3^ed an important part. This 
condition resulted in what is known as the Pietistical 
movement in Germany — a striving after some system 
of personal and practical piety, in opposition to the 
stiff and dogmatical theology as taught by the clergy 



Separatists in Germany. 



"5 



after the close of the great war. This movement, in 
its different phases, spread throughout Europe, and 
was not confined to the Lutheran church : it extended 
into the Catholic as well as Calvinistic countries. 
The Jansenism of Holland, the Quietism of France, 
the Quakerism of England, all sprang from the same 
tidal wave of religion as the German Pietism. 

The Mennonites, after suffering much persecution, 
had been recognized as a denomination in the 
Netherlands, and by the civil authorities were granted 
equal religious and civil rights udth the Reformed : 
(1626) an act which was afterwards strengthened by 
a mandate of toleration from the States-General. 
Under this shelter of religious protection the English 
Quakers were enabled to introduce their doctrine on 
the continent at an early day.^^^ William Ames 
went to Holland as early as 1655, and at once entered 
upon an active missionary career. His ministrations 
extended from Hamburg in the north to Bohemia in 
the south, and from the Hague to the kingdom of 
Poland. In the Palatinate and down the Rhine to- 
wards Switzerland, wherever any ]\Iennonites were to 
be found, there William Ames and his co-laborers, 
William Caton, Stephen Crisp, 
George Rolf and others, preached 
the doctrine of inward light. The 
missionaries made Amsterdam their 
headquarters ; and two of them — 
Crisp and Caton — married Dutch 
women, '"^^ and thus became citizens 
of Holland. A number of pam- 




Arms of Amsterdam, 



ii6 The Fatherlad 1 4^0-1 yoo. 

phlets and counter-pamphlets were among tlie results 
of these missionary tours. 

The following were the most important of these 
German missives : 

Ein Klang des Allarms in den Grd7izen des Geist- 
lichen Egipten geblasen {welcher in Babilon gehoret 
werden) and die Inwohner der befleckten und besudel- 
ten Wohnungen in der Ei'de Erschi^eclzen solt^ etc. 
By Siephe7i Crisp. Amstej^dam Gedj^zickt Anno i6y^. 

Die sache Christi und Seines Volks. With a large 
preface by B{e7tjamin) E\tirly) 4to 1662. By William 
Ames. 

Ein Alarm Geblasen an alle Natioiien. 410 i6^j. 

An Euch Alle^ etc. 410 1661. {Relating to the 
Hat controversy^ 

Eine Beschirmung der unschuldigen^ etc. 410 1664. 
{Postscript by Benjamin Etirly.) 

Gewisser Schall der Warheit. 410. 166^. 

Ein Wort zur rechter zeit Wider des gewohnlichen 
Sprichiuort^ ^^Ei7i Geist BezeugetP 4to. i6y^. 

Die Alte Warheit Erhohet. (Agaijist the Lutheran 
Ministerium at Hamburg.) 410. 1664. 

These last six titles are all by William Caton. 

Later on, other English Friends also became 
prominent in the Low Countries and Germany, some 
of whom became residents of the continent and per- 
manently identified themselves with the lands of 
their adoption. Prominent among such was Benja- 



"' Penna Magazine of History and Biography, vol. ii, p. 243. 
15" Stephen Crisp married Gertrude Derricks, a lady of Amsterdam, 
who was remarkably zealous in the cause of the Quakers. 



Penn's Visits to Germany. 117 

min Furly/^^ who settled at Rotterdam. Others, 
again, were merely transient visitors, such as George 
Fox and William Penn. The latter appears to have 
made at least three different tours through Holland 
and Germany, viz: — in 167 1 when, with Claus, the 
Amsterdam bookseller, as a companion and interpre- 
ter, he visited Labadie.'"' Secondly, some time in 
1674, and thirdly, in the fall of 1677. Several tracts 
were the result of Penn's second visit to Germany. 
Two of the most important ones are entitled : 

Send Brief an die Bilrgermeister und Rath der 
Stadt I Danzig, von Willie Im Penn, etc. Amsterdam 
Gedriukt ben Christoff Couraden, Anno 167^- (Ap- 
pendix plate I.) 

Epistle to the Princess Elisabeth of the Rhine and 
Countess of Homes.^^^^ London, 1676. 

Penn's last visit to the continent was his most im- 
portant one, when he came to Holland and Germany 
in company with George Fox and a number of public 
Friends. Fortunately William Penn's journal''' of 
this journey is still in existence.'''^ Nothing is 



151 For biographical sketch of Benjamin Furley see the Penna. Mag- 
azine of History and Biography, vol. xix, pp. 227, et seq. Also, The Ger- 
man Pietists of Provincial Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1895 pp. 433i 

et seq. 

152 Croese, Gerhard Croesen's Quaker Historie, Berlin, 1696, pp. 662, 

et seq. 

i52» Penn's original draft of this letter is in the collection ot Charles 

Roberts of Philadelphia. 

153 William Penn's Travels in Holland and Germany, by Oswald Seid- 
ensticker. Penna. Mag. vol. ii, pp. 237. 

153a Penn's MSS Journal of this Journey is now in possession of Charles 

Roberts of Philadelphia. 



1 18 The Fatherlad 1 4^0-1 yoo. 

known of the itinerary of the previous visits. The 
general object of this extended tour was to spread 
the principles and organization of the Society of 
Friends upon the continent not only among the 
Mennonites, but now to launch out boldly among the 
various persons disaffected with the orthodox forms of 
religion, no matter who they were or where they 
might be. 





^7n^ 




i^fUzr 







^jiMdM^^mK^ 



(Prr. 



Title Page of Penn's Manuscript Journal. Original in the Collection 
OF Charles Roberts, Esq., of Philadelphia. 



Penii's Letter to the Countess of Homes. 119 




1 20 The Fatherlad 1 4^0-1 y 00. 

One of the chief incentives to the movement in 
Germany were the Collegia Pietatis of Spener and 
his followers/^^ together with the Quietists move- 
ment inaugurated by Molinos, and similar organiza- 
tions. 

It is not uithin the scope of this paper to follow 
Fox and Penn in their travels through the Father- 
land. Suffice it to say that, although William Penn 
made two visits to Frankfort to interview Jacob 
Spener, the great father of Pietism, the latter 
studiously avoided any meeting or even a semblance 
of intercourse with the visiting Quakers, carefully 
guarding himself from any utterances which might 
be construed into an endorsement of their doctrines ; 
and this in spite of the fact that both Fox and Penn, 
when in Frankfort '^^ were the guests of Johanna von 
Merlau, and had preached at her house. 

This visit of William Penn to Germany, coached 



'** See letter of Penn to the Countess of Horhes. An Account of W. 
Penn's Travails, etc. Second Impression, London, 1695, 

'^^ Spener, in his Freyheit der Glailbig en (yr^wcV.{wr\. am Mayn, 1691), 
p 117, chapter vii, 17, emphatically denies the aspersion made by Dr. 
Meyer of Hamburg, that nothing was known in Leipzig of the Quakers, 
until alter the formation of the Collegiuin Pietatis. Spener further 
challenges Dr. Meyer to give the name of a single individual who be- 
came convinced of Quakerism through his connection with the Col- 
legium Pietatis, or to quote any case where a Quaker had even gained 
an entrance to the Collegium, while he, Spener, was present in Leipzig. 
He further brands as a base calumny the charge accusing him ol frater- 
nizing or having any intercourse with the Quaker leaders. In conclu- 
sion, Spener states that if any Quakers were to be found in Leipzig 
they came there independently and of their own accord, and may have 
been there prior to the formation of his Collegium Pietatis, 

^^ Penna. Magazine, vol ii, p. 261. 



PenfCs Hortatory Tracts. 12 1 

as lie was by Benjamin Furly, brouglit forth a num- 
ber of interesting tracts •}^^ four of these being of 
an hortatory character were wTitten by Penn, and left 
with Furly for revision and translation, and were 
afterwards published by him at his own expense. 

The titles are : 

Foderung der Christenheit fur Gericht. (A call to 
Christendom, etc.) {Appendix plate II.) 

''^Eine Freiiiidliche heinisiicJumg in der Liebe 
Gottes?^ (A Tender Visitation in the Love of God.) 
{^Appendix plate III.) 

''''An alle diejenige^i so unter den Bekennern der 
Christenheit^'^ etc. (To all Professors of Christianity, 
etc.) 

''''An alle diejenigen welche emjitiden^'' etc. (Tender 
Counsel.) 

The above were also published collectively in 
Dutch under the general title : 

" Het Christenrijk Ten O or dee I GedagvaartJ'' etc, 
Rotterdam 1678, 4to. (Appendix plate IV.) 

Two of the above tracts — "A Call to Christendom," 
and "Tender Counsel," were printed separately at the 
time in English. 

The above tour of William Penn through Germany 
was purely a religious one ; as he himself expresses 
it, " in the service of the Gospel." It had, however, 
the effect of bringing him into personal contact wath 
many of the German Mystics and other religious 
leaders of the period. 



156a Biographical sketch of Benjamin Furly. Ibid vol. xix, pp. 277, 



122 



The Father la7id 14^0-1^00. 




Philip Jacob Spener. 
b. January 13, I635 ; d. February 5, I705. 




ll^^^i^^^Zr^/e^^-*-*-'*^!-^*^^^^^^ 



ALLEGED PORTRAIT OF BEN 



FROM HEMSKIRCK'S OE QUAAKERS' VERGAOERING 




Frankfort Company. 123 

Four years later, when the grant from Charles II 
to Penn was finally consummated, the attention of 
both Penn and Furly was at once directed to Ger- 
many as a field from which to obtain a desirable class 
of emigrants. Communications were opened forth- 
with with some of the chief leaders in the Pietistical 
movement at /'"'^^^^ 
Frankfort, and ^^^^^^rty^cr,^^ 
the religious jj 

oeparati s t s at autograph of benjamin furly. 

Krisheim and the vicinity, — men and women with 
whom Penn had become acquainted during his visits 
to Germany. These efforts upon the part of Benja- 
min Furly resulted in the formation of two compan- 
ies. The one at Frankfort was a regularly organized 
corporation, known as the " Frankfort Company," 
which according to Pastorius consisted of the follow- 
ing persons :^'" Jacob Van de Walle, Doctor Johann 
Jacob Schutz, and Daniel Behagel, Handelsmann,^^''^ 
of Frankfort ; Doctor Gerhard von Mastrich, of 
Duisburg; Doctor Thomas von Wylich and Herr 
Johann Lebrunn, of Wesel ; Benjamin Furly, of 
Rotterdam ; and Mr. Philip Fort, of London. Ac- 
cording to other accounts the original company 
consisted of Jacob Van de Walle, Caspar IMerian, 
Doctor Johann Jacob Schutz, Johann Wilhelm Uber- 
feldt, George Strauss, Daniel Behagel, Johann 



'" Umstandige Geographische Besc hreibung Der zu allerletzt erfun- 
denen Provintz Pennsylvanae, etc. F. D. Pastorius, Franckfurt und 
Leipzig, 1700, p 35. 

'°"' Merchant 




WlI.LTAM PENN. 

b .1644; d. 1718. 



Crefeld Colony. 125 

Laurentz and Abraham Hasevoet. This company 
secured 15,000 acres of land in the new colony, 
and sent out Francis Daniel Pastorius as their 
agent and attorney. 

The other company known as the Crefeld colony, 

was organized upon a differ- 
ent basis, the members pur- 
chasing their land in an 
individual, and not in a 
corporate capacity Z^** 

The members composing 
this company were mostly 
from Krisheim and Crefeld, 
and had secured the land 
for the purpose of settling 
in the new Province. 
SEAL OF WILLIAM penn. It was thls Uttcr contin- 

gent that crossed the ocean in the Concord a few 
months later, and landed at Philadelphia on the sixth 
of October, 1683. An event which William Penn 
made the subject of a special letter to England, dated 
November 10, 1683, wherein he rejoices at the con- 
tinued good fortune of the Province, and the arrival 
of so many people from Crefeld and the neighboring 
places in the land of " Meurs."^^^ 

To properly place the advantages of Pennsylvania 
before the various races of German people, and thus 
induce a large emigration, a number of tracts or 




'*^ For the amount of land held by these first purchasers, see Penny- 
packer, Settlement of Germantown, Phila., 1883, p. 31. 



126 



The Father lad 1 4^0-1 yoo. 



pamphlets, descriptive and otherwise, were issued by 
Penn, Furly and others, in 
both high and low Ger- 
man, for the purpose of 
giving the requisite infor- 
mation to prospective set- 
tlers. Some of these 
brochures were translations 
of the prospectus issued 
bj'- Penn in England; 
others again were written 
with special reference to 
the requirements of the 
Germans. 

As these tracts are all excessively scarce, and as 
they contain the most reliable information we have 
regarding the planting of the colony, a list of the 
series so far as known is here enumerated, with 
notes as to where the originals are to be found, and is 
further supplemented by an Appendix at the close of 




Arms of Penn. 



i*» Meurs, (Mors) a former German Principality, bounded by the 
Bishopric of Cologne, and the principalities of Cle\ e, Berg and Geldern, 
and the Rhine. It contained about 28000 inhabitants, who were mainly 
of the Protestant faith, chiefly Reformed. During the Napoleonic wars 
it was ceded by treaty to France in 1801, but was recovered by Prussia 
at the treaty of Paris in 1814. It is now a part of the Department ot 
Diisseldorf The former capital, Meurs, is a town of Rhenish Prussia, 
17 miles N.N.E. of Diisseldorf, on the Eider. It has Lutheran and 
Roman Catholic churches, a normal school, and a town-hall in front ol 
which are the sculptured lions found on the site of the Asciburgum of 
Tacitus. Under the French, Meurs was the capital of the department ot 
Roer. 



" Some Account of the Provi7iceP 127 

this paper showing fac-similes of the various title 
pages. 

First upon the list is the Royal Proclamation, or 
the King's declaration of his grant to William Penn. 
It was issued under date of April 2, 1681, and is ad- 
dressed : 

" To the Inhabitants and Planters of the Province 
of Pennsylvania : " 

Next we have Penn's : 

"Certain Conditions or Concessions Agreed upon 
by William Penn, Proprietary and Governor of the 
Province of Pennsylvania, and those who are the 
Adventurers and Purchasers in the Same Province, 
the Eleventh of July, One Thousand Six Hundred 
and Eighty-one." 

No pamphlet copy of this tract is known. 

Almost immediately after the grant of the Pro- 
vince was confirmed to William Penn, he published 
an account of it from the best information he then 
had. It is printed in a folio pamphlet of ten pages, 
and is entitled : 

Some I account | of the | Province | of | Pennsil- 
vania | in | America ; | Lately Granted under the 
Great Seal | of | England | to | William Penn, &c. | '^ 
London: Printed, and Sold by Benjamin Clark | 
Bookseller in George- Yard Lombard-street, 1681 | 
{^Appendix plate V) 



»«" Copies of this tract, (folio ii^x i% inches,) are to be found at the 
Historical Society of Pennsylvania, The Carter Brown Library and 
Harvard College Library. The chief portions of the tract are reprinted 



128 The Father lad 1 450-1 7 o^' 

This tract was translated into both high and low 
German. 

Eine \ Nachricht \ wegen der Landschaft \ Penn- 
silvania \ in \ America : \ Welche \ Jiingstens unter 
deni Grossen Siegel \ Etigelland \ an \ William Penn^ 
&c I ^^^ In Arnsterdam gedruckt bey Christoff Cun- 
raden. \ Imjahr i68t. \ (Appendix plate VI.) 

This is the earliest German account of Pennsyl- 
vania. Two years later (1683) it was reprinted at 
Leipzig. It also formed a part of the Diarium 
Europaeu7n. 

Een kort Bericht \ Van de Provintie ofte Land- 
schap I Pen7i-sylvania \ genae^nt^ leggende in \ 
America ; \ Nu 07ilaHgs 07ider het groote Zegel van 
Engeland \ gegeven aan \ William, Penn^ <2fc. \ ^^'^ 
Tot Rotterdam. \ Gedrukt by Pieter van Wynbrugge y 
Bock-Di'ukker in de \ Leeuwestraat., in de Wereld 
Vol-Druk. Anno 1681. \ [Appendix plate VII.) 

By referring to the fac-similes of the two latter 
titles in the Appendix, it will be found that Furly, to 
further strengthen Penn's claims to German recog- 
nition and to stimulate emigration, had added a 



in Hazard's Annals of Pennsylvania. Also in Hazard's Register, vol. i, 
P- 305- For notice of, see Penna. Mag. of History, vol. iv, p. 187. 

*" Copies are at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Carter Brown 
Library and in Loganian Library, Philadelphia. See also Penna. Mag. 
of History, vol. xix, p 287, and The German Pietists of Provincial 
Pennsylvania, Phila. 1895, p. 446. 

'*'' A copy oJ the Dutch Translation is in the Carter Brown Library. 
Also in the Archiv der Gemeentee, Rotterdam. See Penna. Mag. of 
History, vol. xix, p. 288. Also, German Pietists of Pennsylvania, p. 
447. 



PenrCs ''''Liberty of Conscience^ 129 

translation of Penn's " Liberty of Conscience " [Ap- 
pendix plate VIII) to the original " Some Account " 
which gave a mere description of his newly acquired 
Province. 

The two following titles were published during the 
same year (1681,) and although not at the instance 
of either Penn or Furly, yet they did much to bring 
the Province to the notice of the Huguenot refugees, 
and to the Germans of the middle and educated 
classes, especially such as lived in the valley of the 
Rhine. 

Petri du Val^ — Geographiae Universalis. Das ist 
Der allgefneinen Erd Beschreibung. Darinnen die 
Drey Theil der welt nemlich America^ Africa und 
Asia, etc. . . Nilrnberg. In verleg. Johann Hojf- 
man*s Buck tmd Kilnsthaytdlers. Gedruckt daselbst 
bey Christian Siegmund Froberg. M.DC .LXXXP'^ 
[Appendix plate IX.) 

" Recit des V estat present des celebres colonies de la 
Virgine, de Marie-Land, de la Caroline, du noveau 
Duche'' flf' York, de Pennsylvania, et de la Nouvelle 
Angleterre, situees dan s V A7nerique Septentrionale^ 
etc. A Rotterdam, Chez Reinier Leers. M.DCLX- 
XXI. 4to. 43pp. with three folding plates}^ {Ap- 
pendix plate X)i 

Resuming the publications of Penn and Furly, we 
next have the important pamphlet entitled : 



Original in Carter Brown Library. Catalogue vol. ii, Number 1217. 
Ibid. 



130 The Fatherland 14^0-1 y 00. 

The I Articles | Settlement and Offices | Of the 
free | Society | of | Traders | in | Pennsilvania : | 
Agreed upon by divers | Merchants j And others for 
the better | Improvement and Government | of | 
Trade | in that | Province^^^ | London, | Printed for 
Benja^nin Clark in George-Yard in Lombard-street \ 
Printer to the Society of Pennsilvania^ MDCLX- 
XXII I {Appendix plate XI.) 

These articles were agreed to March 25, 1682, and 
as stated by Hazard ^'^^^ were published in folio upon 
the day following. 

The Charter granted by Penn to the "Free Society 
of Traders in Pennsylvania" was recorded at Doyles- 
town among the records of Bucks County. It was 
first printed in Hazard's Annals of Pennsylvania.^^^* 
Philadelphia, 1850, pp. 541-550. 

The above tract was quickly followed by the pub- 
lication of Penn's Frame of Government: 

The Frame of the | Government | of the | Province 
of Pennsilvania | in | America | Together with cer- 
tain I Laws ' Agreed upon in England | By the | 
Governour | and | Divers free-men of the aforesaid 
Province | To be further Explained and Confirmed 
there by the first | Provincial Council and General 
Assembly that shall | be held, if they see meet | 
Printed in the year MDCLXXXII | {Appendix plate 



165 Original in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. It is a 
small folio of sixteen pages. The outside measurement of the ruling 
which surrounds the title page is lo^ x 6 in. Tract was republished 
in full in the Penna, Mag. of History and Biography, vol. v., pp. 37-50- 



Information for Emigrants. 131 

Penn's own copy with his book-plate is in the col- 
lection of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 
It is from this copy that the fac-simile {plate XII) 
is made. 

Shortly after the publication of the two latter pam- 
phlets, there was issued a small folio of three and a 
half pages, two columns to a page, the object of 
which was to furnish information for prospective 
settlers, and set forth the advantages of Penn's 
Province. The heading of the first page reads : 

" Information and Direction | to | Such Persons 
as are inclined | to | America, | More | Especially 
Those related to the Province | of Pennsylvania.^^'' | 
{Appendix plate XIII) 

It then goes on to state : 

"That the Value and Improvement of Estates in 
our Parts of America^ may yet appear with further 
clearness and Assurance to Enquirers, I propose to 
speak my own Knowledge, and the Observation of 
others, as particularly as I can ; which I shall com- 
prise under these Heads :" 

I. The Advance that is upon Money and Goods. 

II. The advance that is upon Labour, be it of 
Handicrafts or others. 

III. The Advance that is upon Land. 

IV. The Charge of Transporting a Family, and 
Fitting a Plantation. 



''^ Annals of Pennsylvania, Phila., 1850. 

^*® Copies of this pamphlet are also to be found in the Carter Brown 
Library, of Providence, R. I., and the Harvard College Library. 



132 The Fatherland i^^o-iyoo. 

V. The way the Poorer sort may be Transported, 
and Seated, with Advantage to the Rich that help 
them. 

VI. The easier and better provision that is to be 
made there for Posterity, especially by those that are 
not of great Substance. 

VII. What Utensils and Goods are fitting to 
carry for Use or Profit." 

The authorship of this tract has been attributed to 
Penn ; and while there is nothing to prove the asser- 
tion, it was undoubtedly prepared under his direction. 

Both German and Dutch translations of this pam- 
phlet were made, the conditions being somewhat 
modified so as to adapt themselves to the require- 
ments of the Germans and Dutch. No German 
copy of this rare pamphlet is known. A Dutch copy, 
lacking the last pages and imprint, was found among 
the Penn papers in the Historical Society's collection ; 
it is endorsed " Dutch information over Pennsylv." 
Like the English original it merely starts with a 
heading : 

Nader Inforniatie of Onderrechtinge voor de ge7ie 
die\genegen zijn om na America te gaan^ en\wel 
voornamentlij k voor die gee^ie die in de Provin \ tie 
van Pensylvania geintresseert zijn. {Appendix plate 
XIV) 

A later Dutch edition, with a somewhat different 
heading was issued in 1686.''^ 



"' Copy in Collection of Historical Societs of Penna It was reprinted 
in the Penna. Mag. of History and Biography, vol. iv., p. 330. A 
Second Edition was printed in Amsterdam, 1686. 



" Plmitation WorkP 133 

Before the end of the year, Penn published an- 
other tract, for the purpose of inducing emigration 
to Pennsylvania ; the title was : 

A brief Account of the | Province of Pennsylvania, 
I Lately Granted by the | King | Under the Great | 
Seal of England, | to | William Penn | and his | 
Heirs and Assigns,^*^ | London. {Appendix plate 
XV.) 

This was quickly translated and published by 
Furly in several continental languages, Dutch, 
French^'^" and German. The heading of the latter 
reads : 

Kurtz Nachricht Von der Americanischen Land- 
schafft Pennsylvaniay^^ {Appendix plate XVI.) 

There was still another work issued in 1682, hav- 
ing for its express object the furthering of emigra- 
tion to America : 

Plantation Work | the | Work | of this | Genera- 
tion. I Written in True-Love. | To all such as are 
weightily inclined | to Transplant themselves and 
Fami | lies to any of the English Plantati | ons 
in I America | The | most material Doubts and Ob- 
jections against it | being removed, they may more 
cheerfully pro | ceed to the Glory and Renown of 
the God of | the whole Earth, who in all Undertak- 
ings is to I be looked unto. Praised and Feared for 
Ever.^'^ I London, 1682. [Appendix plate XVII.) 



"8 Copy in Carter Brown Library. 

^^ Copies of this tract are in the Collection of the Historical Society 
of Penna., and the library ol Harvard College. 



134 The Fatherland 14^0-1 yoo. 

This work contains several abstracts of letters from 
Pennsylvania dated December 1681 ; it does not ap- 
pear to have been translated. 

The flood of pamphlets, so freely scattered over 
northern Germany by Furly in the interests of 
Penn, attracted the attention of no less a personage 
than Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg, 
usually styled " the Great Elector," and the founder 
of the present Prussian monarchy. The battle of 
Fehrbellin had been fought and won, completely 
routing the Swedes. By the subsequent treaty with 
both Sweden and France, he received large sums of 
money and came into possession of a small fleet. 
The elector now devoted himself to establish institu- 
tions of learning and to extend the influence of his 
dominions. 

The first duty assigned to his small navy was to 
enter upon an expedition in the interest of a German 
colonization scheme, which he had proposed as an 
offset to the threatened exodus of German yeomanry 
to the British possessions in America. 

For this purpose two of the staunchest vessels of 
the new navy, the frigates " Chur-printz " and 
" Morian," under the command of Otto Friedrich von 
der Groben, were sent upon a voyage of discovery, to 



"" The writer has seen a copy of the French edition, but has never 
met with a copy of the Dutch tract. 

*" The only known copy is in the collection of the Historical Society 
of Pennsylvania. 

"' Copies of Plantation work are at the Penna. Historical Society, the 
Carter Brown Library, and Friends Library, Philadelphia. 



Brandenburg Expedition. 



135 




Flag-ship of the German Squadron in the Hari;or of Gltckstat, IMay, 
16S2. Fac-Simile of a Sketch in V. Grobhn's Report. 

settle upon the best site for a German colony under 
the standard of the Great Elector and thereb}^ ex- 
tend his domain beyond the sea. 

The instructions of von der Groben were to visit 
the west coast of Africa, as well as the east coast of 
North America, returning by way of Ireland, and to 



136 The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 j 00. 

report upon such location as would be best suited for 
a German colony. 

The little fleet weighed anchor at Hamburg on 
May 16, 1682, stopping at Gliickstadt and Kocks- 
haven for supplies and additional soldiery. The 
expedition, after many vicissitudes incident to the 
elements, eventually reached the coast of Africa ; 
landings were made at different points, and barter 
with the natives instituted, a landing was made 
on the Gold Coast, a fortification was built, and 
upon January i, 1683, ofiicial possession was taken 
with considerable ceremony. The great stand- 
ard of Brandenburg was unfurled amidst the firing 
of cannon and the music of kettle-drums and shawms 
(Pauken und Schallmeyen.) In honor of the Great 
Elector the post or station was named Der Grosse 
Fricrdichs-Berg. This occupation led to an em- 
broglio with the Hollanders, who claimed the terri- 
tory. The Germans, however, maintained possession. 

While von der Groben was engaged in the estab- 
lishment and fortification of his colony, the settlers 
were stricken with the fevers incident to that coast 
and von der Groben himself was seriously ill on the 
frigate Morian. While the expedition was in this 
sad plight, the commander of the Chur-Printz sud- 
denly left with his vessel, sailed along the coast and 
engaged in slave-trade. ^'^'^ 



"^ Reise-Beschreibung, Des Brandenburgischen Adelichen Pilgers. 
Otto Friedrich von der Groben, Marienwerder, Gedruckt durch Simon 
Reinegern. Anno 1694. (A copy of this book is in library of the 
writer ) 



Von der Gro ben's Expedition. 137 

Von der Groben, upon his recovery, in pursuance 
of his original instructions, left the African coast 
and sailed for America by way of the Flemish 
Islands (Azores.) It does not appear from his pub- 
lished report that he made any attempts either to 
land or colonize in the western hemisphere. He ap- 
pears to have sailed as far north as Newfoundland, 
where he traded for codfish. Thence, he headed east- 
ward, he skirted the coast of Ireland, and arrived at 
the mouth of the Elbe in October, 16S3, the voyage 
having lasted eighteen months. 

The German settlement thus established upon the 
coast of Africa was subsequently reinforced, and 
gradually spread along the coast, so that in the year 
1687, the flag of Brandenburg waved over four differ- 
ent settlements and fortified trading-stations in that 
region. The insalubrity of the climate, and the 
failure of any requisite pecuniary return, caused 
these settlements to be abandoned after the death of 
the Great Elector, which occurred on April 29, 1688. 

In looking over this almost forgotten episode in the 
history of attempted German colonization, one is 
naturally startled at the thought of how far-reaching 
the results might have been, if the German comman- 
der had sailed direct to the American coast and ob- 
tained a foothold here, instead of wasting his men 
and resources in the vain attempts upon the Gold 
coast. 

Had he unfurled the standard of the Great Elector 
upon these shores, where the climate would have 
been congenial, and had the wise plans of Frederick 



138 



The Fatherland 14^0-1200. 



William been carried out, either by treaty or other- 
wise, with such power as claimed sovereignty over 
American soil, the thousands of German yeomen who 
left the Fatherland during the next three decades to 
be scattered over these shores, and in a great measure 
developed the British colonies in America, might 
have been concentrated within a single province un- 
der the German standard, which undoubtedly would 
have proven a nucleus for a German empire in the 
western world. 

Here arise possibilities for thought almost too 
great for contemplation. However, as a matter of 
fact, the failure of the elector's plans for German 
colonization must be laid to the avarice or incapacity 
of those into whose hands was placed the execution 
of his plans, and not to the wise intentions of the 
great ruler whose living monument is virtually the* 
great German empire of the present day. 




Arms of Ukanukmburg. 




GERMAN EMIGRATION TO AMERICA. 




IXf 



Arms of Wurtemberg. 



K now come to the im- 
mediate cause of the 
great emigration to America, 
the emigration of what was 
left of the German population 
within the Palatinate and the 
Duchy of Wurtemberg after 
the French invasions. 

The edict of Nantes, it will 
be remembered, was revoked 
on October i8, 1685, by which the exercise of the 
Reformed religion in France was forbidden, children 
were to be educated in the Catholic faith, and all 
emigration was prohibited. 

In spite of the latter command, however, many of 
the persecuted Huguenots flocked across the borders 
and accepted the shelter offered them by the Palatine 
Elector.^''* This induced the notorious Madame de 
Maintenon, a narrow minded bigot, to induce the 
king utterly to devastate the Palatinate, and peremp- 
tory orders were given through Louvois that the 



140 The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 y 00. 

Palatinate should be destroyed. In pursuance of this 
command 100,000 French soldiers were despatched by 
Louis XIV, to do the work. How well this horde of 
murderers did his bidding is a matter of history. 
Even to the present day, after the lapse of two cen- 
turies, the line of march may be traced from the 
Drachenfels to Heidelberg. Crumbling walls, ruined 
battlements and blown-up towers, still remain as 
mementoes of French vandalism. 

The league of Augsburg was formed, but failed to 
save the fated Fatherland from French pillage and 
rapine. Hardly had the smoke from the blazing em- 
bers died away from one invasion, and the fields and 
vineyards once more begun to show signs of peaceful 
thrift, than another invasion followed and swept with 
a frightful desolation over the doomed valley of the 
Rhine. 

This devastation extended into the Duchy of 
Wiirtemberg, and it may be said that in the years 
1688-9 the whole of southern Germany was overrun 
by the French and completely paralj^zed with the fear 
of the hireling murderers. The tale of this devasta- 
tion of the fertile Schwabenland has been ably set 
forth by one of Wiirtemberg's most learned histor- 
ians, upon the occasion of the bi-centennial anniver- 
sary.^'^ 

The chief factors in this blot upon civilization were 



"* Penna. Mag. of History and Biog. vol. vi, p. 318. 
175 Wiirttemberg und die Franzosen ini Jahr 1688, von Theodor 
^chott, Stuttgart, 1888. 



The Burgomaster' s Wife of Schorndorff. 141 

tlie Frencli ambassador at the court of Wiirtemberg, 
D'Invigney, and Melac, tlie commander of the mili- 
tary forces ; and in so great detestation is the name of 
the latter held, that even to the present day, "Melac" 
is one of the favorite names for Suabian dogs. 

The story of how this unaccountable fear of the 
French was eventually overcome, and the period of 
German inactivity terminated, is a well-known epi- 
sode in German history. Allusion is here made to 
the Burgomaster's wife at Schorndorff, Anna Barbara 
Walch, a small courageous woman, who, when she 
received an intimation that the Stadt-rath or council 
were considering a demand of surrender by the 
French, went to the town-hall, called her husband 
out and threatened him with death if he dared to 
vote for surrender. She then assembled a number of 
equally brave women, who armed themselves with 
forks, broom-handles, and other domestic weapons, 
surrounded the town-hall, and by main force pre- 
vented the council from surrendering the town. 

The denouement of this uprising is also well 
known. Schorndorff was saved, the French were de- 
feated, and eventually driven out of Wiirtemberg. 

This incident is purposely introduced here, as there 
were many Frankish and Palatinate women of equal 
courage who came here to Pennsylvania and helped 
to make this Commonwealth : women whose descend- 
ants are now members of our society : men who have 
lost none of the courage, bravery or patriotism im- 
parted to them by their German maternal ancestors. 

Without going into further particulars regarding 



142 The Fatherland 1450-1 700. 

the succeeding conflicts that rent the Fatherland, 
suffice it to say that it was this ruthless desolation 
of the valley of the Rhine, more than any other 
cause, that started the great and steady stream of 
German blood, muscle and brains, to Pennsylvania's 
sylvan shores. 

At this period of the Fatherland's helplessness and 
desolation, the darkest days of Germany's humilia- 
tion, messengers were again sent forth to the vari- 
ous towns and in the valley of the Rhine, bearing 
the news that the scheme of William Penn, the 
Quaker, was a successful one, and that the Province 
or the Quaker-valley [Qiiacka'thal) was open to all 
persons who refused to conform to the requirements 
of the orthodox religion as by law established.^''^ 

The chief promoter of this scheme for German 
emigration was the same Benjamin Furly, the Eng- 
lish Quaker and merchant at Rotterdam, whose ac- 
quaintance we have previously made as the compan- 
ion and interpreter of William Penn during the lat- 
ter's visit to Germany and Holland in 1677. 

It is at this point that a special tribute is due to 
Benjamin Furly for his efforts to throw safeguards 
around the German emigrant who was not conver- 
sant with either English language, customs or laws. 

William Penn, in drafting the fundamental laws 



"*l Spener, in his Freyheit der Gldubigen, Franckfurth-am-Mayn, 1691, 
enumerates the following sects of Separatists (Chap, viii, p. 118) Weige- 
lians, the Rosicrucians, Arminians, different kinds of Syncretists, Osi- 
anderians, those who could not bear religious vows ; Pseudo- Philoso- 
phers, Anti-Scripturalists, Latitudinarians, Chiliasts and Bohmists. 



Safeguards for German Emigrants. 143 

of his Province, submitted the various drafts to 
Benjamin Furly and possibly to others. Furly not 
only compared the different "Frames of Govern- 
ment," "Fundamental! Constitutions," and laws pre- 
pared for the Province; but offered substitutes and 
suggestions to the Proprietor, containing provisions 
for the protection of such as were about to transport 
themselves and their families to Pennsylvania at the 
latter's solicitation. He even criticized the Proprie- 
tor, where, in the proposed laws, changes were made 
which did not meet with his approval. Two of these 
documents, in Furly's handwriting, have been found 
among the Penn papers, now in the collection of the 
Historical Society of Pennsylvania. One is en- 
dorsed : 

"For the Security of Forreigners who may incline 
to purchase Land in Pennsylvania, but may dy be- 
fore they themselvs come to their inhabit." 

This paper was published in full, with an intro- 
duction, by Frederick D. Stone Litt. D., to the 
Sketch of Benjamin Furly by the writer, in the 
Penna. Magazine of History and Biography, October, 
1895.^" The other paper is a comment on "The 
Fundamentall Constitutions." The manuscript of 
which was found among the "Penn Papers" in posses- 
sion of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and 
published by the Society in October, 1896.^'^ 



"' Penna. Mag. of Hist, and Biog. vol. xix, p. 295. 
"* "The Fundamental! Constitutions of Pennsilvania. lUd vol. xx, 
p. 283, et seq. 



144 



The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 joo. 



These papers show the intimate concern Furly 
felt in the laws and government of the new province 
and the welfare of the German settlers. The former 
document is a valuable one to every student inter- 
ested in the development of our country, but especi- 
ally for Pennsylvania Germans, as it shows how 
earnestly Furly stood up for their ancestors' per- 
sonal rights and estate.^^* 

Then again, his suggestions and advice to Penn as 

to the course to pur- 






in regard to a 




Fac-Simile of Anti-Slavery Clause in 
FcRLY's Suggestions to Penn. 



sue 

possible attempt to 
introduce negro 
slavery into the 
Province, is of great 
interest, as the first 
public protest 
against this evil in 
America was made 
at Germantown in 
1688 by some of the 
German pioneers 
who came to Penn- 
sylvania under his 
auspices and bounty. 



*"' See Articles I and II. Ibidvo\. xix, p. 297. 




LITERATURE USED TO INDUCE GERMAN 
EMIGRATION, 

The various pampHlets and tracts issued by Penn 
and Furiy, were : 

" A I Letter | from | William Penn | Proprietary 
and Governour of | Penns3dvania | In America, | to 
the I Committee | of the | Free Society of Traders | 
of that Province, residing in London, | etc.^^'^ Printed 
and Sold by Andrew Sowle, at the Crooked-Billet in 
Holloway-Lane in Shoreditch, and at several Station- 
ers in London, 1683," {Appendix plate XI X?^ 

This pamphlet was quickly translated and issued 
in low Dutch, German and French : 

" Missive I van \ Williani Penn^ \ Eygenaar en 
Gouverneur van \ Pennsylvania^ \ i^i America, j 
Gesclireven aa7t de Comniissarissen van de Vrye 
Socie I teyt der Haiidclaars^ op de Pi'oviniie^ \ binnen 
London resideerende. \ etc}^ A^nsterdiim Gedrukt 
voor Jacob Claus^ Boekvcrkooper in de Prince-straal^ 
1684. {Appendix plate XX,) 



146 The Fatherland i^^o-iyoo. 

Beschreibung \ Der in America neu-erfundenen \ 
Provintz \ Pensylvanien. \ Derer hiwohner^ Gesetz^ 
Arth^ Sit I ten und Gebrach : \ Auch samtlicher 
Reviren des La7ides \ Sonderlich der Haupt-Stadt \ 
Phila-delphia \ Alles glaiibwurdigst \ Auss des Gov- 
erneurs daririnen erstatteten \ Nachrichi. \ ht Verle- 
gung bey Hcnrich Heuss an der Banco \ im Jahi 
1684}^^ {Appendix plate XXL) 

Recueil \ de \ Diverses \ pieces \ Concernant \ la \ 
Pensylvanie. \ A la Haye^ \ Chez Abraham Troyel^ \ 
Marcliand Libraire^ dans la Grand Sale \ de la Cour, 
M.DC. LXXXIV}^' {Appendix plate XXII) 

The above three tracts in addition to Penn's letter 
to the " Free Society of Traders," contained Holme's 
description of Philadelphia, and Thomas Paskel's 
letter dated February to, 1683, n. s. 



180 Originals in Historical Society of Penna., New York Historical 
Society, and Philadelphia Library. Six different editions were issued 
during the year. This tract contains the first printed account of Phila- 
delphia by the founder of the Colony. 

^*i Copies of this tract are in Collection of Hist. Soc. of Penna., and 
Carter Brown Library of Providence. This tract is also exceedingly 
rare, and contains a letter from Thomas Paschal, dated Philadelphia 
Feb'y lo, 1683 The first dated from that locality. Two editions were 
printed in low Dutch, with some variation in the title page ; it contains 
the imprint Den Tweeden Druk 1684. It also contains a plan of the City. 

'^■' One of the scarcest Pennsylvania pamphlets. The only known 
copy is in the Carter Brown Collection of Providence from which the 
fac-simile in Appendix is made. 

'*' Copies of this excessively rare volume are in the Carter Brown 
Library and the Library of a Philadelphia collector. The copy in the 
British Museum lacks the title page The important parts of this book 
"collection of various pieces concerning Pennsylvania" were translated 
by Hon. Sam'l W. Pennypacker and printed in the Penna. Mag., of 
Biography and History, vol. vi, pp. 311-328. 



Some Rare Tracts. 147 

A later French edition, printed at Amsterdam, 
1688, also contains Penn's " Further Account" of 
1685, Turner's Letter, and: — 

" Explanations of Mr. Furly to purchasers and 
renters upon certain articles concerning the establish- 
ment of Pennsylvania. Rotterdam, 1684.^^ {Ap- 
pendix plate XXIII.) 

The above issues offer an interesting study, as 
they were supplemented to at this time by some ac- 
counts written by actual residents in Pennsylvania, 
and thereby went far to stimulate the German emi- 
gration. The earliest of these pamphlets appears to 
have been a single sheet or two leaves quarto ; it 
bore the following title : 

Twee Missiven geschreven uyt Pennsilvania a* Ene 
door een Hollander woonachtig in Philadelfia^ ^' 
Ander door Switzer^ woonachtig in German Town^ 
Dat is Hoogduytse Stadt. Van den 16, Maert^ 1684. 
Nieuwen Stijl. Tot Rotterdam^ A^mo 1684. 2 
leaves small 4to.^^^ 

This tract is an exceedingly scarce one. The copy 
examined by the writer was in the Archive of the 
City of Rotterdam. 



^®* No English edition of Furly's "Explanations" is known to the 
writer. A translation into English from the French Edition, i684, by 
Hon. Sam'l W. Pennypacker will be found in Penna. Mag. Biography 
and History, vol. vi, p. 319, et seq. 

'*'' Copy in Archief der Gemeente Rotterdam, Holland. There is also 
a copy in the Library of Congress (which unfortunately was not available 
at the time our appendix was prepared). This interesting pamphlet was 
translated by Hon. S. W. Pennypacker. See " Hendrick Penne- 
becker. Surveyor of Lands for the Penns," by Hon. S. W. Penny- 
packer, privately printed, Philadelphia, 1894. Chapter iii, pp. 27-39. 



148 The Fatherland 14^0-1^00. 

Tlie next important work upon tlie list is Thomas 
Budd's " Good Order Establislied ;" this was printed 
by Bradford in Philadelphia '}^ 

" Good Order Established | in | Pennsilvania & 
New Jersey | in America, | Being a true account of 
the Country ; | With its Produce and Commodities 
there made, etc. . . By Thomas Budd. Printed in 
the year 1685." (Appendix plate XX/K) 

Another account, a more pretentious one, was by 
Cornelis Bom, a Dutch baker, who came to Philadel- 
phia at an early date and here plied his trade. This 
book was published at Rotterdam, 1685, by Pieter 
van Wijnbrugge, a Dutch Quaker and Publisher : ^^'' 

Missive van \ Cornelis Bom, \ Geschreven uit de 
Stadt I Philadelphia, \ In de Provintie van \ Pennsyl- 
vania, I Leggende op d^ Oostzyde vande \ Zuyd Revier 
van Nieuw Nederland. \ Verhalende de groote voort 
gank I van de selve Provintie, \ Waer by komt \ De 
Getuygenis van \ Jacob Telner \ van Amsterdam. \ 
(Appendix plate XXV) 

These publications were followed by : 

A Further Account of the Province | of Pennsyl- 
vania, and its Improvements. | For the Satisfaction 
of those that are Adventurers, and | Inclined to be 
so.^'' (Appendix plate XXVI.) 

This Account was signed " William Penn " and 
dated at the end — *' Worminghurst Place" 12, of 



186 Original in Historical Society of Penna. 

187 Originals are in collection of Hist. Soc. of Penna., and in the 
archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Penna. 

188 Copy in Hist. Soc. of Penna. 



Edicts Against the Quakers. 149 

the loth month, 1685. Two editions of it are known 
to have been published. 

A Dutch translation was published early in the 
following year, this tract is exceedingly rare : 

Twecde \ Bericht ofte Relaas \ Van \ William 
Penn^ \ Eygenaar en Gouverneur van de Provintie van \ 
Pennsylvania^ \ In America^ etc. Amsterdam by 
Jacob Claiis^ Boekverkoper in de Prince-straat}^^ {Ap- 
pendix plate XXVII) 

It is not to be assumed that the efforts upon the 
part of Penn and Furly, followed by the willing re- 
sponse of so many German yeomen, were left un- 
noticed by the authorities, both religious and secular, 
of the German provinces affected, which were already 
so depleted by the successive wars. 

Numerous edicts were issued by the ruling Princes, 
in such a manner that they included Pietist as well 
as Quaker within their scope. The most important 
anathemas at this period are the following : ^^ 

Sr. Chiir Furstl. Durchl. zu Sachsen, Joh. Georg des Dritten, 
Befehl wider die neuerlich angestellten Conventicula oder Privat 
Zusammenkunffte. Publiciret den 25, Martii 1690. 

Der Durchlauchtigsten Fiirsten und Herren, Herr Rudolph 
Augustus, und Herr Anthon Ulrichs, Gebriidere, Hertzogen zu 
Braunschweig und Liineburg, Edict und Verordnung, wegen der 
hin und wieder sich erreigenden Neuerungen und Sedareyen. 
Publiciret den 2, Martii. Anno 1692. 



'*' The only known originals are in the Carter Brown Library of 
Providence and collection of Historical Society of Penna. 

'^^ Copies of the following Edicts, are in the collection of the His- 
torical Society of Penna., and in the Library of the writer. 



150 The Fatherland 14^0-1 y 00. 

Ihrer Kiiniglichen Majestat in Schweden Caroli, des XI. 
Edict, wegen der in Teutschland einschleichenden Schwerme- 
reyen vom 6, Octobr, 1694. 

Hoch-Fiirstl. Durchl. Hertzog Eberhard Ludwigs von Wur- 
tenberg, Edict und Verordnung, wegen der Pietisterey. Pub- 
liciret den 28. Februarii, Anno 1694. 

Hoch-Fiirstl. Durchl. Hertzog Friederichs zu Sachsen-Gotha 
Manifest und Verordnung wegen der so genannten Pietisterey. 
Publiciret den 4. Februarii, Anno 1697. 

Desgleichen Hoch-Furstl. Durchl. zu Sachsen-Gotha gna- 
digste Resolution, aufF Dero hochloblichen Land-Stande des 
Furstenthums ' Altenburg bey dem Anno 1698 den 3 Nov. 
angestellten Land-Tage unterthanigst gethanen Proposition, die 
heimlichen Conventicula betrefifend, und Ausschaffung der neuen 
Schwarmer oder so gemannten Peitisten. 

Hoch-Fiirstl. Durchl. Hertzog Georg Wilhelms zu Braun- 
schweig und Liineburg, Edict, und Verordnung wegen des 
Sectarischen Pietisnii, Quackerismi oder anderen gefahrlichen 
Irrthiimern. Publiciret den 7, Jan. 1698. 

Hoch-Fiirstl. Durchl. der Frau Abbatissin zu Quedlinburg, 
gniidigste Verordnung wider die Verachter des offentlichen 
Gottesdienstes, Beicht-Stuhls und Hochwiirdigen Abendmahls. 
Publiciret den. i, Aug. Anno 1700. 

These edicts were afterwards publislied under a 
collective title : 

Qu'dcker-Greuel \ Das ist : \ Abscheuliche \ auffrii- 
rische \ verdamniliche Irthum\Der neuen Schwermer\ 
Welche genen7iet werden \ Qu'dcker ! Wie sie dieselbe 
in ihren Scartecken \ Allarm \ Standarte \ Pannier \ 
K'dnigreich \ Eckstein \ U7id sonst schrifftlich und 
miindlich mit \ grossem Ergerniss ausgebreitet. \ 
Auf Anoi'dnung Eines Edlen Hochweisen Raths \ 
Der Stadt Hamburg \ Den Einfdltigen zu treuhert- 



Vindicatio7t of Wm. Penn. 151 

ziger Warnung kurtzlich gefasset \ grundlich wider- 
leget und m Druck gegeben \ dutch \ Eihche hierzu 
vefordnete \ Des Ministerii in Hamburg \ Auf Be- 
gehren hohcr Perso7ien auffs neuc gcdruckt \ Im Jahr 
Christi IJ02. i^Appendix plate LIII.) 

In addition to the above official proclamations, 
there were also issued a number of books, pamphlets 
and broadsides about and against the Quakers and 
their scheme for colonization. We have here but a 
repetition of what had been the case in England, and 
called forth such works as : 

" A Vindication of William Penn, | Proprietary of 
Pensilvania, from the late Aspersions | spread abroad 
on purpose to Defame him. With | an Abstract of 
several of his Letters since his | Departure from 
England. 

Philip Ford,^^^ London, 12th, 12th month, 1682-3. 
{Appendix plate XVIII) 

" A I Letter | from } Doctor More, | with ) Passages 
out of several Letters | from Persons of good Credit, 
I Relating to the State and Improvement of | the 
Province of | Pennsilvania. | Published to prevent 
false Reports. | Printed in the Year 1687.^^^ {Appen- 
dix plate XXVIII) 

These were followed with : 



^*' Original in collection of Historical Society of Penna. Philip Ford 
was also a member of the original Frankfort company. 

'*" Original in Carter Brown Library. This tract was republished in 
full in Penna. Mag. of Hist, and Biog., vol. iv, pp. 445-455- 



152 Tlte Fatherland 14^0-1 joo. 

" Some I Letters | and an | Abstract of Letters f 
from I Pennsylvania, | Containing | The State and 
Improvement of that | Province. | Published to pre- 
vent Mis-Reports. | London, 1691.^^^ (Appendix 
plate XXXIV.) 

A Dntch version of " No Cross no Crown," a new 
edition of Penn's " Frame of Government," and of 
Penn's " Travails " in Holland and Germany, — 

'■^ Zonder Krnys., Geen Kroon^ etc. ^ door William 
Penn. Amsterdam 168 y}"^ (Appendix plate XXIX^ 

" The Frame of the Government of Pennsylvania 
In America." London, 1691.^®^ (Appendix plate 
XXXIII.) 

" An Account of W. Penn's Travails in Holland 
and Germany, Anno MDCLXXVII. London, 
1695.''' [Appendix plate XXXIX.) 

Among the important descriptive books of the 
time must be mentioned Richard Blome's " English 
America ;" this was published in three languages, 
English, French and German : — and Gerard Croese's 



'^' This work, a small quarto, gives a number of extracts from letters 
written from Philadelphia during the year 1690. The tract was reprinted 
in the Penna. Mag. of f'ist., vol. iv, pp. 189-201. An original is among 
the Petin Papers in the Hist. Soc. of Penna., and with the exception of 
one in the Carter Brown Library is the only one known. 

19-t Original in Hist. Soc of Penna. The first English edition is dated 
1669. For various editions of this work, see Smith's Catalogue of 
Friends' Books 

195 Original at Hist. Soc. of Penna. Republished in Hazard's Reg , vol. 
ii, p. 113. See title of first edition 1682, appendix plate xii. The first 
Frame of Gov't., being found defective on several accounts, the second 
" frame " was established and accepted in the year 1683. 



Important Descriptive Books. 153 

Historia Quakeriana, wliicli was also printed in sev- 
eral languages : 

The I Present State \ Of His Majesties \ Isles and 
Territories \ In \ America | . . . With New Maps 
of every Place^ \ etc. London: \ Printed by H. Clark, 
for Dorman Newman, nt the Kings- Arms in the Poul- 
trey, i68>].^^'^ ( Appendix plate XXX. ) 

L'amerique \ Angluise, \ on \ Description \ des \ Isles 

€t Terres \ du \ Roi D'angleterre, \ Dans ' Uamerique, 

I Avec de nouvellcs Cartes de chaqtie Isle & Terres. \ 

Traduit de VAnglois. \ A Amsterdam, \ Chez Abraham 

Wolfgang, I pres la Bourse. \ M. DC. LXXXVIII. i«» 

{^Appendix plate XXXI.) 

Richardi Blonie \ Englisches \ America^ \ oder \ 
Knrtz€ doch dciitliche \ Beschreibung alter derer I 
jenigen Lander und Inseln \ so der Cron Engeland in 
West-In I dienietziger Zeit zustaendigund \ unterlhaenig 
^ind. 1 durch eine hochberuhmte Feder \ aus dem Eng- 
iischen ubersetzt. \ und mit Kiipffern gezieret. \ Leipzig 
I Bey Johann Groszens Wittbe und Erben. \ Anno 
idgy. I i*** {Appendix plate X LI II.) 

Gerardi Croesi \ Historia \ ^lakeriana, \ Sive j De 
vulgo diet is ^lakeris, \ Ab oriu illorum usque ad recens j 
natiim schisma, \ etc. Amstelodami, j Aptcd Henricufn 
<&: Viduam \ Theodori Boom^ iSg^. \ ^ {Appendix plate 
XL.) 

i» Original at Hist. Soc. of Penna. The manuscript Journal kept by 
Penn during this journey, is now in the collection of Charles Roberts, 
Esq., of Philadelphia. See title supra. The first edition was printed 
by Sowle, 1694 Subsequent editions were issued Irom 17 14- 1835. 

^^ Original in collection of Hist. Soc. of Penna. The part relating to 
Pennsylvania is virtually a reprint of Penn's "Further account." See 
Wm. Penn in America, Phila., 1888, p, 173. 

W8 JdicL 



154 The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 joo, 

Berhard Croesens \ ^laker-Historie \ Von deren Ur- 
sp7'jmg I biss auj" jWngsthin entstandene \ Trennung; \ 
Darinnen vornemh'ch von | den Uauptsltftern dieser 
Secte I derselben Lehrsaetzen und anderen \ ihres gleichen 
zu dieser Zeit atif- \ gehrachten Lehren erzehlet ivird. \ 
Berlin \ den yolmnn Michael Rudigern. \ i6p6.^°^ i-^P' 
pendix -plate XLI, ) 

The I General History | of the | Quakers : | con- 
taining I The Lives, Tenents, Sufferings, Tryals, | 
Speeches, and Letters | Of all the most | Eminent 
Quakers, | Both Men & Women ; | From the first 
Rise of that Sect, | down to this present Time. | etc. 

Being Written Originally in Latin | By Gerard 
Croese. London, Printed for John Dunton, at the 
Raven, in Jewen-street. 1696.^°'^ (Appendix plate 
XLIL) 

As the most curious work of the class of Anti- 
Quakeriana may be named a quarto in Latin and 
German, describing the Philtres Enthusiasticus or 
English and Dutch Quaker-powder ; wherein it was 



199 Original in Carter Brown Library. The German edition is ex- 
tremely scarce. 

'^'^ Specimens of original edition are extremely rare. Copies are in 
Library of German Society of Philndelpliia, and of the writer. A 
second Latin edition 1696, is more frequently met with ; a specimen is in 
the Historical Society of Penna., and Phila. Lib. For a full account of 
Gerard Croese and his works, see "The German Pietists of Provincial 
Pennsylvania," Phila., 1895, pp. 43-48. 

'°i The same remarks in regard to the 1695 Latin edition apply to 
the German edition. The only known copy in America, is the one in 
Library of the writer. A Dutch edition was also printed, this also is 
very rare, no copy is known to be in this country. 

"^ Original in the collection of Charles Roberts, Esq. There is also 
a copy in Friends Library at Philadelphia. 



Philtris Enthusiasticis. 155 

souglit to prove that such a nostrum was actually in 
use by the Quakers to propagate their faith among 
those whom they wished to proselyte. 

According to this curious book, their scheme was 
secretly to administer this Philtre or potion to any 
influential person, male or female, whom they 
thought to be a desirable acquisition. Within a 
short time such person, it was stated, commenced to 
tremble, and soon reached an ecstatic state, when a 
conversion to Quakerism was complete. Several 
affidavits are further cited in the work by the author, 
to prove that such was actually the method used to 
extend the faith of George Fox in Germany. As 
books of this kind pleased the popular fancy, they 
frequently had a large circulation, and went through 
several editions, but at the present time they are 
exceedingly scarce and rarely met with. The copy 
in possession of the writer, bears the imprint of the 
university of Rostock, and reads : 

" Dissertatio Historico Theologica de Philtris En- 
thusiasticis Anglico Bat avis ^ etc. . . Rostochl^ Ty- 
pis Joh. Weppling. /, Seren. Princ. & Acad. 
Typog'^^ {Appendix plate L VI) 

The mass of literature circulated against the 
Quakers, however, had little or no effect upon the 
impending exodus from Germany. 

In the 3^ear 1690, there was issued by Penn a 
Broadside, having for its object the settlement of 



Copy in Library of the writer. 



156 The Fatherland 1 450-1 y 00. 

another large city upon the banks of the Susque- 
hanna ; it was entitled : 

" Proposals for a second settlement in the Province 
of Pennsylvania." It was a single sheet and bore the 
imprint : " Printed and sold by Andrew Sowle, at the 
crooked Billet in Halloway Lane, Shore-Ditch, 1690." 

Whether the design was partially accomplished, 
where the proposed city was to be located, or what 
was the reason for his relinquishing the plan, re- 
mains an unsolved problem. The only known copy 
of this Broadside was formerly in the collection of 
the late Peter Force of Washington, D. C. It bore 
the marks of age and dilapidation but was in a per- 
fect condition. ^°^ 

At this period the position of Penn and Furly was 
further strengthened in Germany by the publication 
of several missives and tracts from Pastorius and 
others in Pennsylvania, setting forth the advantages 
of the new country in glowing terms. 

The first volume upon this list is a duodecimo, con- 
taining four '' Useful tracts " by Daniel Francis Pas- 
torius ; it really only advertises the Province upon the 
title page : 

Vier kleine \ Doch ungemei7ie \ Und sehr mUzliche \ 
T^'act'dtlein | . . . . Durch \ Fra7iciscum Danielem \ 
Pastoriun. J. U. L. \ Aiis der In — Pensylvania neu- 
lichst von niir in \ Grund angelegten und nun mit 
gutem I Success aufgchenden Stadt : \ Germanopolz \ 
Anno Christi M. DC, XC. \ '"' (Appe7tdix plate 
KXXII.) 



Francis Daniel Pastorius. 157 

The earliest tract which really gives an extended 
account of the Province, was written by Pastorius in 
1686, and sent to his parents in Germany. This 
was incorporated by Melchior Adam Pastorius, father 
of the Germantown pioneer, in a historical sketch 
of his native town of Windsheim : 

Kurtze \ Beschreibung \ Des H. R. Reichs Stadt \ 
Windsheim \ etc. . . . Durch \ Melchiorem Adamum 
Pastorium, \ dltern Burgemeistern und Ober-Rich- \ 
tern in besagter Stadt. \ Gedruckt zu Niirnberg \ bey 
Christian Signiund Froberg. \ Im Jahr Christi 
i6g2?^ {Appendix plate XXXV) 

The appendix to this work bore the following 
heading : 

Francisci Danielis Pastorii \ Sommerhusano-Franci. 
I Kurtze Geographische Beschreibung \ der letztmahls 
erfundenen \ Americanischen Landschafft \ Pensyl- 
vania^ \ Mit angehe7ickten einigen notablen Bege- \ 
benheiten und Bericht-Schreiben an dessen Hr7t. \ 
Vattern Patrioten U7id gute Freunde. \ {^Appendix 
plate XXXVI) 

This description of the Province was reprinted in 
various periodicals and magazines of the day,"^" and 
circulated extensively among the yeomanry of Ger- 
many. 



*** Reprinted in Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania, vol. i, p. 400, 
June 21, 1S28. Also in North American and United States Gazette, 
Phila., October 25, 1848. 

«05 Original in Historical Society of Penna. This volume is dedicated 
to Tobias Schumberg in Windsheim, a former tutor of Pastorius. 

** Original in Historical Society of Penna. 

»»' Ibid. 



^5^ The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 yoo. 











A Ship of the Period During the First German Emigr/ 



*NoTE.-It was necessary for the vessels to be armed on account of the wars 
i^ontinent, and Freebooters at sea. 



Fravie^s Description. 159 

The next important issues relating to Pennsylvania 
of which we have any definite knowledge, was an 
account of Pennsylvania printed in the city of Phil- 
adelphia : 

A Short I Description | of | Pennsilvania, | ^^ Or, 
A Relation What things are known, | enjoyed, and 
like to be discovered in | in the said Province. | and 

as a Token of Good Will of England. | By 

Richard Frame. | Printed and sold b}^ William Brad- 
ford in I Philadelphia, 1692. | {Appetidix plate 
XXXVII.) 

Of equal importance was the Missive or Report 
by Johann Gottfried Seelig to August Herman 
Francke, one of the fathers of Pietism, dated " Ger- 
niandon in Pennsylvania, America d. 7, August, 
1694," giving an account of the voyage and condi- 
tion of the German Pietists who had left Germany in 
a body two years previously, and emigrated to Penn- 
sylvania under the leadership of Magister Johann 
Kelpius, with the avowed intention of spreading here 
the Gospel of Christ and awaiting the millennium, 
which some of them believed was imminent. This 
work, a quarto, was published for circulation in Ger- 
many early in 1695, it is without an imprint, but was 
presumably printed either at Halle or Frankfort, and 
freely circulated in Pietistical circles." 



209 



209 Originals of this rare tract are at the Historical Society of Penna. 
Also, in Library' of the ^m^«Aa«J ( Francke institution) at Halle. This 
missive has heretofore been attributed to Daniel Falckner. But by the 
Spener-Francke correspondence it is shown that the missive was sent 
by Seelig to Francke. The original is still in existence, from which a 



i6o The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 joo. 

Copia I Eines Send-Schreibens aus \ der neuen 
Welt^ betreffend \ etc. Chris ti im Jahr^ ^^95- {Ap- 
pendix plate XXXVIII.) 

Two years later, 1697, a German edition of 
Blome's English America, was printed at Leipzig. 
(Appendix plate XLIII) 

It is supposed that the Hochberiihmte Feder, men- 
tioned upon the title was none other than Benjamin 
Furly. 

At this period the list of local issues was aug- 
mented by several curious original contributions of a 
controversial nature, written in America, and circu- 
lated in Holland and Germany with a view to in- 
fluence the Germans either for or against the follow- 
ers of Spener who were attempting to introduce and 
maintain orthodox forms of religion in the Province. 

The first of these tracts of which we have any 
definite knowledge was printed by Bradford in New 
York, for Heinrich Bernhard Koster : 

" Ein Bericht an A He Bekenner und Schrifftsteller^ 

This book, printed in the year 1696 or early in 
1697, has the distinction of being the first German 
book printed in North America. No copy of it is 
known to exist ; our knowledge about it is derived 



MSS. copy was lately made for the writer. This correspondence is of 
the greatest importance, as it proves the connection between the Pietists 
in Pennsylvania with the parent organization at Halle. Above facts 
were not known when the "German Pietists" was written, and the 
authorship is there laid with Falkner. A translation of the tract by the 
late Dr. Oswald Seidensticker, was published in Penna. Mag. of Hist, 
and Biog., vol. xi, p. 430, et seq. See also Cramer Beitriige, p. 323. 



Pastoriuis Pamphlets. i6i 

from Pastorius's so-called " Rebuke " to Koster, in 
which lie cites the book and states that it was printed 
in the High-Dutch tongue for circulation in Ger- 
many. 

To counteract the influences of Koster's report in 
Germany and Pennsylvania, Pastorius prepared two 
counter-pamphlets, one for use abroad, and the other 
for local circulation : 

Ein I Send-Brieff\ Offenhertziger Liebsbezeugung 
an die \ so geiiannte Pietisten in Hock- \ Deutschland. \ 
Zu Amsterdam^ \ Gedruckt vor Jacob Claus Buchhand- 
ler, 1 6^7?-'^' {Appendix plate XL IV. ) 

Only a single copy of this book is known, now in 
possession of one of the descendants of Pastorius. As 
will be noticed from the title-page which is repro- 
duced in fac-simile,^"^ it bears an European im- 
print. Pastorius was unable to have it done in 
Pennsylvania, because there was no press here at 
that time, so he was obliged to send the work 
to Holland for publication, as he had done upon sev- 
eral previous occasions. 

The title of the tract in the English language, for 
home circulation, was : 

Henry Bemhard Koster, William Davis, | Thomas 
Rutter & Thomas Bowyer, | Four | Boasting Dispu- 
ters I Of this World briefly | Rebuked, | etc. Printed 
and Sold by William Bradford at the | Bible in New 
York, 1697. I '^' {Appendix plate XLV.) 



"» German Pietists of Prov. Penna ; p. 287, et seg. 

^" Original in private hands. Page 15 closes with colophon : Von 



1 63 The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 yoo. 

Leaving tlie controversial works, and turning our 
attention once more to the literature relating exclu- 
sively to the German emigration, we now come to : 

An Historical and Geographical Account | of the | 
Province and Country | of | Pensilvania | and of | 
West-New-Jersey | in | America. | With a Map of 
both Countries. | By Gabriel Thomas, | who resided 
there about Fifteen Years. | London, Printed for, and 
Sold by A. Baldwin, at | the Oxon Arms in Warwick- 
Lane, 1698. I '^^ {Appendix plate XL VI.) 

A German translation of this book was soon after 
published by the Frankfort company : 

PensylvanicB \ Beschriebeyt von \ Gabriel Thomas \ 
75. J'dhringen Inivohner dieses \ Landes \ Fra7ickfurt 
Mnd Leipzig^ \ Zu finden bey Andreas Otto^ \ Buch- 
hafidlern.^^"^ {Appendix plate XL VII.) 

Pastorius's extended account of the Province comes 
next in order : 

Umstandige Georgra- \ phische \ Beschreibung \ 
Der zu allerletzt erfimdenen \ Frovintz \ Pensylva-\ 
nice., I In denen End-Grcsntzen \ Americoe \ In der 

West- Welt gelegen \ Durch \ Franciscnm Danielein \ 
Pastoritwt^ \ J. V. Lie. tmd Friedens-Richtern \daselb- 
sten. I Worbey angehencket sind ei^ii- \ ge notable Be- 
gebenheiten^ und \ Bericht-Schreiben an dessen Herm \ 

Vattern \ Melchiorem Adaynum Pasto- \ rium^ \ Und 
andere gute Frennde. \ Franckfiirt und Leipzig^ \ 
Zn finden bey Andreas Otto. lyoo. \ ^^^ {Appendix 
plate XL VIII.) 



164 The Fatherland 14^0-1700. 

An abstract and review of the above was printed 
in the : 

Monathlicher \ Auszu^ \ aus \ allerhand neu-her- 
ausge I gebenen^ nutzlichen und artigen \ Buchern. \ 
December M. D. CC. \ Zu finden \ Bey NicoL Fbr- 
stern^ Buchhandl. \ in Hanover ^^^ {^Appendix plate 
XLIX.) 

In the following year, 1701, was issued another 
German edition of William Penn's Letter to the 
king of Poland. This was circulated in north-east- 
ern Germany, and was intended to spread the Quaker 
faith in that state, and at the same time induce a 
further emigration to the province : 

Brief \ Aan den \ Koning van Poolen. \ Opgestelt 
door I William Penn^ \ Uyt de Naam van zijn ver- 
drukte enlydende Vrienden \ tot Dantzig. \ Uit het 
Engelsch vertaald \ Door \ P. V. M. \ f Amsteldam^ \ 
By Jacob Claus^ \ Boekverkoper in de Princes traat. 
I JO I. I ^" {Appendix plate L.) 



Eiirem liebgeneigten Freund Frantz Daniel Pastorius. Germantown in 
Pennsylvania, den letzten December, i6g6. A fac-simile reproduction 
of the whole tract, by the writer, is in the collection of Historical 
Society of Penna., State Library, Hon. Sam'l W. Pennypacker and the 
writer. 

»"» Appendix plate XLIV. 

*" Original at Friends' Library, Phila. Also one copy in private 
hands. Fac-simile, ibid supra. 

^" This was published separately and later incorporated in Pastorius's 
extended geographical account, edition 1704. 

*'^ Original at Historical Society of Penna. This book was edited by 
Melchior Adam Pastorius, father of the writer. 

'^® Original in Historical Society of Penna. 

'•''' Original in Carter Brown Library. 



Falckner's Report. 165 

The next important works of the period, are 
Daniel Falckner's " Curious Imformation," which he 
had placed with the publishers during his \asit to 
Germany, 1698-1700;^^® and his brother's missive 
from Germantown : 

Curieuse Nachricht \ von \ Pensylvania \ in \ Nor- 
den-Amertca \ welche \ Atif Begehren guter Freunde\ 
Uber vorgelegte loj. Fra- \ gen bey seiner Abreiss 
aus Teutsch \ land nack obigeni Lande A7ino I'joo. \ 
ertheilet und nun Anno IJ02 in den Druck \ gegeben 
worden. \ Von \ Daniel Falknetfi, Professore^ \ Buf- 
gern und Pilgrim allda. \ Franckfurt und Leipzig^ \ 
zufinden bey Andreas Otto^ Buchhdndlern \ Im JaJir 
Christi iyo2?^^ {Appendix plate LI.) 

The Missive of Justus Falckner, a brother of the 
above, who accompanied him to America, was a letter 
to a clerical friend in Holstein, which, as it states 
upon the title, is an account of the religious condi- 
tion of the Province in the years 17001. But a 
single copy of this work is known r"° 

A b druck \ Fines Schreibens \ An \ Tit. Herrn \ D. 
Henr. Muhlen^ \ Aus Germanton^ in der Anieri \ can- 
ischen Province Pensylvania^ sonst No- \ va Suecia^ 
den ersten Augusti^ im Jahr \ unsers-Heyls eiiitau- 
send siebenhundert \ und eins^ \ Den Zustand der 
Kirchen \ in America betreffend. \ M DCC II. {Ap- 
pendix plate LII.) 



"^ German Pietists of Prov. Penna. Phila., 1785, pp. 93-99. 299-334. 

"^ Ibid, pp. 98-9. Original in Historical Society of Penna. 

"° This heretofore unknown tract on Pennsylvania, was found by a 



1 66 The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 yoo. 

The list closes with two more tracts by Pastorius, 
the first of which is really a second edition of his 
former description of the Province '?^^ 

Umstandige Geographische \ Beschreibung \ Der 
zu allerletzt erfundenen \ Provintz \ Pensylva \ nics^ \ 
etc. Franckfurt und Leipzig^ \ Zu finden bey An- 
dreas Otto. 1704. I {Appendix plate LI V.) . 

The second one is a " continuation " of the above, 
to which is added Gabriel Thomas' account and 
Daniel Falckner's tract :'"' 

Continuatio\ Der \ Beschreibung der Landschafft \ 
PensylvanicB \ An denen End-Grdntzen \ AmericcB. \ 
Uber vorige des Herrn Pastorii \ Relationes. \ In 
sich haltend : \ Die Situation.^ und F^^uchtharkeit 
des I Erdbodens. Die Schiffreiche und andere \ 
Fliisse. Die Anzahl derer bisshero gebauten Stddte. \ 
Die seltsame Creaturen an Thieren^ V'dgeln und 
Fischen. \ Die Mineralien und Edelgesteine. Der en 
eingebohrnen wilden Vblcker Sprachen^ Religion und 
Gebr'duche. Und \ die ersten Christlichen Pflantzer 
und Anbauer \ dieses Landes. \ Beschrieben von \ 
Gabriel Thomas \ 75 Jdhrigen biwohner dieses \ 
Landes. \ Welchem Tractdtlein noch beygefilget 
sind : \ Des Hn. Daniel Falckners \ Burgers und 
Pilgrims in Pensylvania ig^. \ Beantwortungen uff 
vorgelegte Fragen von \ guten Freunden. \ Franck- 
furt und Leipzig^ \ Zu finden bey Andreas Otto, 
Buchhdndlern. \ {Appendix plate LV^ 

As will be seen from the title-pages, the tracts of 
both Pastorius and Daniel Falckner were published 



German Literature and Emigration. 167 

simultaneously at Frankfort and Leipzig, under the 
auspices of the Frankford Land Company.^*^ They 
were repeatedly reprinted and quoted in the periodi- 
cals and reviews of the day. One of such reviews is 
now in the Historical Society's collection.^ 

This literature did much to influence German emi- 
gration to America, and after events showed that the 
printing-press in Germany was one of the most 
active factors in bringing about the German settle- 
ment of Pennsylvania. 

When fairly started, the effects of this movement 
were phenomenal ; the romantic Rhine became the 
chief artery of travel for the stream of emigrants to 
Pennsylvania. As the barges floated down the river 
past castle-crowned crag and vine-clad hill, from 
every hamlet could be heard the Lebe-wohl^ and 
Geht-mit-Gott^ which were called after the wanderers. 

Rotterdam henceforth became the chief port of 
embarkation for a large portion of the Germans 
going to the new world, whether directly or by way 
of England. 



correspondent of the writer, in the Library of the University at Rostock, 
after great difficulty a photographic copy of the whole was obtained, a 
reproduction of which is at the Historical Society of Penna. A transla- 
tion made by the writer will be published in the Penna. Mag. in the 
near future For Biographical sketch of Justus Falckner, refer to Ger- 
man Pietists of Prov. Penna., pp. 341-385. Also Lutheran Church 
Review, vol. xvi, p. 283, et seq 

^' Original in Historical Society of Penna. 

"' Ibid, to this are added, Gabriel Thomas' description of Pennsyl- 
vania, and Daniel Falckner's tract, Curieuse nachricht, ete. 

'" See William Penn in America, Phila. 1888, pp. 304-5. 

*** Monaihlicher Auszug, Hanover 1700. 



i68 



The Fatherland i^^o-iyoo. 



'This desire grew among the German peasantry, 
until it assumed such proportions that both England 
and the States-General were forced to take heroic 
measures to turn back the human tide, which not 
only threatened to depopulate some provinces in Ger- 
many, but also to change Pennsylvania into a 
German colony. 



^A^<^cu^ -/i^arJ^UL^ 




POSTSCRIPT. 



After the above paper was written and put into print, several letters, 
dating from the closing years of the last century, were discovered which 
have caused some doubt to arise in my mind as to the identity of the Dr. 
Otto who sent the communication "On the Discovery of America" to 
Dr. Franklin, by him presented to the American Philosophical Society 
and subsequently printed in the Transactions. 

In the course of this Monograph, following the traditions of the Society, 
the credit of authorship is given to Dr. John Matthew Otto, of Bethlehem, 
a member of the Society and a friend of Franklin, who always signed his 
name "Otto" or "Dr. Otto," as in the communication read before the 
Society. 

From the letters alluded to, it appears that at the same period (17S6) 
there was another person of similar name, Louis Gillaiime \_sic'\ Otto, the 
French Minister to the United States, who was also a friend and corres- 
pondent of Franklin, and signed himself "Otto." However, it matters 
but little whether the writer was the learned Doctor of Bethlehem or the 
French Minister in New York ; the facts remain the same, viz., that the 
paper quoted formed tiie incentive for the critical investigations of Baron 
Humboldt into the early histoiy of America. 

Julius F. Sachse. 
October, i8gj. 



A f 






m£4^ :^f,.e^o^/eJ^y t^^^z^^i. 



APPENDIX. 



TITLE PAGES 



OF 



BOOK AND PAMPHLETS 



THAT INFLUENCED 



(3crman Emigration 



TO 



Kbenne^lvania 



REPRODUCED IN FAC-SIMILE 



FOR 



clbc penn6\>lvauia^(5crman Socict\>. 

BV J 

JULIUS FRIEDRICH SACHSE. 



PHILADELPHIA. 
1897. 



[1675] Appendix. 173 

rdn 
WILHELM PENN, 
au6^ London itcwlic^ gcfc^rieben/ 

nun abcr 

;D|fe!U^cfi.Ac^rllcf (/ ^u ^em (Snt»e/ bat?' al(e/ tcrnemUc^ Mc ® ewaf tigcit 
nuff (Hrbcn / uub bic (fo gcnantcn) ©ctj!(td)cn /Jvi) |tci) cnv<ijcn m6» 
gen/ mi wc( unb tvc(dKrtct) un3crdmteunbfcf)nb(ict)c Dingc 
<rfolMCii au6^l•n n>:»^i"rin.en/ tt>e(Cl}e anbere tre^en &tr Reli- 
gion , un6 De felben oiftntUcbm unb ff<pen flbunj 
2u cecfolgeii / ^brau(^c trccoeiu 



3n 2l^1pcr^am* 

©c^^rucft6elJ(C^rl(!off<CtmM^crt. Anno 1^7^. 

Plate I. — Titlc-pajj^e of Penn's Missive to the Burgomaster and Council 
of the city of Danzig. 



174 '^^^ Fatherlaiid i^jo-iyoo. [1678] 



^ort>«;run3 tat ff ^tijlm^eic 

©ner fitunMicfxit .OcontfucfjUiy \\\ Der 

ixibc tfiottcg/ (in nllc Du* joiuic imtfr ntlcrlcy Se<^en 

tiiib Religionen , ivelcl;c cine S^CvUiTi'C m'b Q)«» 

Idfitjcn Ijdbcn nadjDct '2Biif)ren(irfunl)tnil9(5of« 

fc^/ niiff brtp Jlc if)in in bcr 2B»ulKitiinb (Se= 

Kcl'tigfdt m5cl;(cn ticiicn unb anbetcn/ (ic 

fcpn <uk1) ivtc jlc ivotlcn. 

XOxt audj 

(Sin Scntbricff an aUctic im^ti W untcr bcr 

gl)ri|]Iid;cn Confeflion, unb uon Dcii rtti^crlicl^en 

Seften unb (^cmcmbcn obcc Stir^'cn abgefon&eit 

finb.. 

llnO aud) julc^t 

^irt ^cnb6ricff an aflctic jcuiofc Mc iJonbcmTuo 

iljver 53ci;mfiicl)unfii cmpfinblici) fci;n (jcivovDcn. 

SBeldjcs ottcs in fEnc^lifc-Ijcc ^prudTe 
gefdjciebeu \\l 

von 

W I L H ELM P E N N, 

tmi) in fiic 55od:tetitf(i)c <S|)rn(I)c creitlid> 

transfer irct. 



23n 2lmfler0am/ 
©cirucTtMt Jacob Claus, 2(nno rtf/e. 



Plate II. — German title-page of Perm's " Call to Christendotn. 



[1678] Appendix. 175 



grcunWic^c J^cijiiifucOung 

ttl tec 

gic6e ©ottc0/ 

tvclcfx Die QBc(t uteririnDef. 

2(it atlc bicjcnigcn/ l5Jc cin ^crlaiivjcn ()a6cn/ 

(iJOtt jn fciincn/ 1111& \\)\\ in l\)acijcu mii) 2lu|fs 

tidntgt'ejt nn^nbttteii / 0011 iras Sede, obcc 

2trt ui)ii 0ottc0bicii|] biefelbiflen in Dcr gdii-- 

idi'ii (fo genantcn) ^Ibnilcmvcft fcnn modcu/ 

uuD uonumlicb in i.;od)» iin6 9]kJ)«« 

^ciitfcl;lnnb. 

SegceifftmOf 

(5 in Har (5c;;cugnu^ i^u tern altctt 2Cpo|]o(i|c()cn 

ioben / ^c(j / imb '2lnbctung tm (Scifi unb in tec 

JDaubcit ; tie @ott in bicfer 3cit aiif &cr (Jrbe 

uicbcriiin nirb (iiiifnrtjtcn/ nut) Ubenbiij 

uirtdjcn. 




®(brucCC vot Jacob Claus, %rm 167<. 



Plat© III — German title-page to Peiin's "Tender Visitation. 



176 The Fatherland i./jo-iyoo. [1678] 

Het CHRISTENRIJK 

O O KD EEL 

gedagvaart. 

Eentcderebefoekinge m.dc LiefdeGods. aanallediegene 

die een begccrtc hcbbenom.Godte kennen enhcniin 

Waarheyd en Opregt ii^heyd aan te bidden, van vvat 

Seiie , of foort van Codsdienfc de felve zouden 

mogen wcfen 

EenMiffiveaanallediegcne.die. onderdebL'iytJers der Chri- 

ftelijkheyd.afireronderizijnvandcricUibcirc je^/t^n. 

Qv\ uyierhjke Gemeenten. 

- E N 
Een MiiTive aan al die gene, die gevoelig z\]X\ van 
den dag harer bc/ockingc. 

v^/Ze; in d' En^ci/'e Tale gefch<')>sn . door 

WILLIAM PENN. 

En daar uyi (-verg^efer. 



Tot ROTTERDAM 

Gedrukt voor JAN PIETERSZ G R O E N W O UT,. 
Boekvcrkoopcr , wonende op hetSpeuy 167^ 

Plate IV.— Fac-simile of the Dutch collective title-page of Penu's Tracts. 
Original iu the " Archief der Gemeeute," Rotterdam. 



[i68i] Appendix. '^ll 

SOME 

ACCOUNT 

OF THE 

PROVINCE 

PENNSILVANIA 



1 N 



AMERICA' 

Lately Granted under the Great Seal 



o F 



ENGLAND 



T O 



William Penn, &c. 

Together with Priviledgcsand Powers necef- 
fary to the well-governing thereof. 

M.ide publick for the Tnformation of fiicli as are or may be 

difpofcd CO Tranfport themfclvcs or Servants 

into thole Parts. 



LONDON: Printed, and Sold by 'Baijjmm CLik 
Booklcllci in Gcor^c-1\uii LombM-J-J^yea, » 6 8 1 ■ 

Plate v.— Reduced fac-simile of title-page. 



178 The Fatherland i4^o-i']00. [1681] 

PENNSILVANIA 

in 

AMERICA: 

Gtm^ffcn^ untorbem ©rcifen ©fc^ei 

tit 

William Penn^ &c. 

ubersebett tv^ctett/ 

3um Un<erri(()t l){rer / fo €f n?an Ser«(^ ^wo^^m / otet wtt^ 
i«?cf)tcn 6woc(Ctt\t)Ctlcn/ Oinb flcD fefbffett tarfein . 

an Wf fen Dn s^u fchben/'feiecmft 
font) 0<t!)an wifb. 

?Inf5T)em \\\ I.ondon (jclrucf^cmunbalbar bet) Benjamin Clarcfc 

■vSuthhaittlcrn inCeov^e-Yard Lombard-fttect 6tftttH(f)fm 
Eoglifchen fiticrgtff fler. 

(Sftttibi:ii b<«{ ot»erttft)n(en Will. Pcjins. 

3u 'ymilcrtQin / 9^t)riKftb{t^ Cbrlftcff Cunradcn. - 
Ooa^a^f 168 I. 

Plate VI.— German title-page of Penn's " Some Account of the Province." 



[i68i] Appendix. 179 

Een kort Bericht 
Van de T^roVinile ofte Lancifchap 

PENN-SYLVANIA 

genacmt, Icggcndc in 

AMERICA; 

Nu onlangs onder het groote Zegel van Engeland 
gegevcn aan 

WILLIAM PENN, Sec, 

Van de Privilegien, ende Macht cm 
hct fclve wcl tc Rcgeeren. 

Uyt het Engcls overgcfct na dc Copyc tot Londcn gcdrukt by Bffjjd" 
nun Clarke, Bockverkoopcr in George Y^rd Lombardflrcct. 1 68 i 

SDact bp nu geboegt i^ lie ^otificatic ban lei' ibontng;apInccii(t/ 

in Date ban Den i ttp;t1 1 681, uiaor innetie rrgfn\tioo;idiae 

2[[ntt)oonDcrjflf ban Pennsylvania, bclafHoo^t^ 

"WiLLEM P£NN fll rijn Erfgcnamef , nl^ bolhomcnc 

Cip0enoari3^cn ^oubctiirursi, tegetjoo^famcn. 

>^ls medey 

De Copye van een Brief by den fclvcn W.P. gcfchrevcn aaa 

zckeie Regceringe Anno 1^75. tegensde Vervolginge 

en voorde Vryheyc van Confcientie . aan alle&c. 



Tox 7{^0TTE7{^VWM. 

Gedruktby PiET£R VAN "Wynbrugge , Bock-Drukkerindr 
LccuwcAraai, in dc Wcield Vol - Druk, ^nnt lASi. 

Plate VII. — Fac-simile of Dutch title-page of Penu's " Some Account of 
the Proviuce." [From the original in Carter Brown Library, through cour- 
tesy of John Nicholas Browo.] 



i8o The Fatherland i^^o-iyoo. [1681] 



LIBERTY 

CONSCIENCE 

Upon its true and proper Giu)Liiids 

Asserted 6c Vindicated. 

PROVING, 

That no Princei nor State, ought by force to com- 
pel Men to any part of the Doctrine, WorHiip, 
or Difcipllnc of the Gofpcl. 

To which is added, '1 he Second I'ARTi 
VIZ. 

Liberty of Confciencc, 

The Magiflrates Intereft ; 

O R, 

To grant Liberty of Confcicnce to pcifons of different per [tta'lons 
iu matters' of J{ettgwi, is the great Intcrcltof" all King- 
doms and States, and particularly oi England* 
Afferted and proved. 



By ^Protestant, a lover of Truth, and the Peace and 
Profperity of the Nation. 



The Siconi Edittori^ covie^ed by ihc Author, with fomc Addition. 



Jjonion^ Printed in the Year, 1668. 



Plate VIII. — Title-page of Perm's " Liberty of Conscience." A transla- 
tion of which was printed in the two previous tracts. 



[i68i] Appendix. i8i 



GEQGRAPHIiE UNIVERSALIS 
^ARS PRIOR. 

53cr atlaemeincn 
S(metlca/2Jfrk(i/unbS(|!a/ 

fcertt/ ^nfeln / @t«bfen «itb€(Mi5f?<rn / «)t« «ii(& 

imt> ^t)axu\\ wnb happen / nelxjiflt'ciicii jt* bft< 

m&ft fo n>ol oor ianacr aid fur$er 3ei( iu^ciw^ncu 

.J)enf;unb nod) beutige^ Jflfljj fel)cn^«4rbv 

fl«n<Stt^«n auf t>a^ bcuttic^ftc (tH/ 

2Jtif4ttg5 in 5r Art55(if*er epr4<& 

bcfcbtubcnDurcb R «luValOt)«tE«m3U 
mai m^rAn^ceidjGcegr.Ordin. 

2(nje^oobcc in^^cutfcfce uberfc^et/un& 

in bieftt jtt)et)ten€6kttonanU;ifer[c&ict)lt(t<» 
Omn / w» e^ bie TJctf) <rfort«rt/ f A# um bir 

nurttbcrg 
Sn ^cr!eg.3of)ann^offman^ ®u<^ 

(^etrutftbpfcCbl] bct;(II)ri|lian(Sicji<» 

munt) ^reb^d- 
M. DC. LXXXI. 



Plate IX.— Title page of Du Val's; Geography (German translation). 
From the original in Carter Brown Library. 



i82 The Fatherland i^^o-iyoo. [1681] 

REGIT 

D E 

L' E S T A T 

PRESENT 

D E S 
CELEBRES COLONIES 

Pe Uyirghiey de Marie-Lmdyde UCarolinc^dttnouveduDtichk 

d'Torf:, de Penri-SylvAnia, dr de la mttvelle AngletcYYC^fituUs 

dans I'Ameri^uefeptenttionalCy entrelestrc?tte deuxicme 

dr quarante fixtime degr'es de I' elevation du Pole du 

^rd, & e'tabliesfous les aufpices , & I'autoritc 

fotiveraine d.H Roy de la grand' Bretagne, 

Tire'fidelement des memoires des habitans des memcs Colonies, 

enfaveuY de ceus^ qui attroyent le dejjcin de s'y 

transporter & de s^y itablir. 




A ROTTERDAM, 

Chez REINIER LEERS, 



M. D C. T.XXXl. 
Plate X.— From the original in Carter Brown Library, through courtesy 
of John Nicholas Brown. 



i 1 68 2 J Appendix. 



183 



TH E 



ARTICLES 

Settlement anDi -jSIEtces 



OrtSeJF.REE 



SOCIETY 



or 



T RADERS 

PENNSILVANIA: 

Agreed npon.'ty divers 

MERCHANTS 

An^ OTHJEHS forthelietter 

f mp^fiUement ana (goije^nment 

TRADE 

IK THAT 

PROVINCE. 



l'0 3^o:n^^ 

Pxinred for "Benjaffiin Cfari^-in ^Cmge-Tcri In Tomhsr3-firtct f 
Printer to the Society o£ Tcnnfihania, "MDC LXXXIf. 



Plate XI. — Reduced fac-simile of title-page. 



184 The Fatherland 145'^- n'^o- [1682] 

The FRAME of the 

GOVERNMENT 

OF THE 

^^otJinte of fJennCtttjania 

IN 

AM E R I C A^ 

Together with certain 

LAWS 

Agreed upon in England 

BY THE 

GOVERNOUR 

AND 

Divers F R E E - M E N of the aforefaid 
PROVINCE. 

To be further Explained and Confirmed there by the firft 

Trovincial Council ^nd (jcneral /Ijfembly that (ball 

be held, if they fee meet. 



Frimed in the Year M DC LXXXIL 

Plate XII.— Title-page of Penn's " Frame of Government." 



[i682] 



Appendix. 



185 



3nfO(imation antj Direction 



TO 



Such Perfons as are inclined 



T o 



AMERICA, 

MORE 

Efpecially Thole related to the Province 



O F 



PENNSYLVANIA 



Th.it the Value and Imfjiweinent of Ejintes in wir 
Pjrts of jimttita. may yet .ijipeir with fui- 
tliCT cleamtfs snd Altiirsncc to F.i-.fiuirn 5, I 
wopofe to fpeak my o>^n Knowlcdg, andthe Ob(eiv.itiOn 
of cthfVs. .15 partiOJbi ly .as I tan ; which I lh.ill comprif» 
under thefc Heads. 

I. The Ad'idtid that 1/ ufon Mmer anrl Goods 

I I. Ttie yidviwethai ti upon Labour, le it of Han- 
thtfAfts or ttheri. 

J 4 1 I The /Idvanet thAt u upon Lmd 

IV n.'C Charge 0/ >r.m[fortin^ a Fumtly. tmd Fit- 
Xui? a Pits III 11 1 nil 

V Thi-lf'ay /la Pccrcr fair ni,t> lit TranffiTtcii nn.l 
SX'i.'iJ, inth /Hvji.t ngr 10 ilxJifch 1h.1t ht Ip rhc/n. 

VI T'u- rafie> iwdveittr frcvtj en tbni it li be tniidf 
thi re for I'ojictin. tjicci.ili) /■; tlxiji; that art not if- f^rc.t: 
iubli,ii,ci 

"^11 UliAi Vtcvjch iDtdCcod.' an ftnug 10 cairyjor 
Vjl orl'iofu 

Fortlif ftrft, Such Afti.'fv A tn'sy be carried, .is pieces 
of right, adv.icctt 'i1'n:y. .liid Gctdi at Itaif Firr< pci 
cnr JJ.iy 1 hjvc 1 ^^ / ju, I. It I .■m but fix in r.iinjy. 
I \vi!l iviy my P.i(1:ipf with the .ictv.iiKe upon my nui 
iiiry, and I nd my liuiv'rcil Dounds goix^ m llii- Coun- 
try' .11 I, ill Upoti Crc.;', wcP l)oii£ht .it>1 fonid. tlur,,- 
M n I'll i> oil biu (omr moiify ,s *v'i"7 rfjinnt Icr 
Trade (iki-; Un «t Indit R.vrs Gnods .1 beliei uurKei , 
li>ll,'T cni.l,dinr,f> ilie grc.it qu.inliiy of G«<ls ajrtady 
nnii-'V It vert 101 .nnnli .It \irtfcm. if one half wen- 
111 Alrriy. -11 d the oth(r m (•lOiii 

lhv$ 111 C>cTit).>) Hut II 1' .I'ticubrly encour.igej Mer- 
tlaiiii becaiiff tl<e i^iohf \3\ ^^iv.nici-. i» U'M( hii icfs tVrn 
5c / l>i>l in ftii, wliirh 11 very ctvUidcriMBi .ind wc 
h.ivr ilrcad) gm lonvttitngsllirrttllms .^M(imi. tiii, > 
Hi .ik Oylc, u:...^ ii.c 

II Tor I .it""' . he It o( !l->:!>rrrh<. rr Oilni, 
ilicrcis .iKinl derablcppDur.f.r.vent by^ti'jr.c; o! iwic. 
ia»har ijhrtr. Iicf.itife the GoiidtMarmtiChircd iliere. 



Ill Tlif /Idvance upon / and is Ejicouraging, wlncli 
wJH^he belt sp|>rehended by .in Englilli uiiderlhiiding m >( 
Coiriunfon with the Lands of i^ngiaiid, thit he 11 lami- 
lurly acquainted with. 

If 5C0 Aci-« ol undear\i Land there, indiffereiuly 
chi(ci», will kscf as nuny Milch Cares, or far as iruu.t 
B-.illiicks forihe mark'et .11 Sumuier, as 50 Acres of irri. 
proved Land in England, .u chofen aforcfaid, cjn do , 
then by Computing the value of tlic Summers Grafs ol 
fuch fifty Acres of Land here, we flidl the better 
lind the v.ilue of sm Acres of Land m i1rr.rri.-ji tor 
»-;:hin ih.it conipafs , the (jme quantuy of Cattle 
iii.iy be well kept Admit this then, th.if the Summers 
Crds 01 50 Acres of middlrig L^nd in hi^i.vui, a 
wonli 15 / I coiiceine tlui m.ikej ;o /, v.'.}y_\] is (j;^ 
prrce of rtif Inlifiitance of the jco .^ires, no da.u 
I'uicluls. The colt to go thither is r,iOb|C(ibon. b.-- 
f.iu(e n IS pud by the /■j.l.jwt rhar :s upon the Money 
.»i,d Goods at tiie rate 3foreforer.tid It tl.c .*■.,. zjrtl of fi.i- 
^c.'strc Obieiffed. w- fce'lut iScJne l-:irtdrc;l SIvp uliiip 
»ho(e pans, dut's no: mdciny, and tie Riik is run ic 
themfclvcs only. Honcver, clCrp: ?:i W'ntcf, I'aliiigi* 
are pleafaiif . :is w ell .is late 

Bui tl"s Comi/^rifi'ni'r.VNS an OhieJlion npun l'< thii 
mult brobvia.cd t'. , at luniicio; y^.iir J'vck, m n:~ 
Winter -' Jf.iyour Mic./j iffualiy kecji alien (or the Mar 
ket till liiC.niier, and unlrfs u be itinorethcii ordiairy 
WiiKer ( winch li obIr»"v<a> to h.ippen but once :ii 
(our (11 tvi- Years or thai tliey are young (ivck. crCt- 
tel bi/i «jt)i Yuung.they iiioftiy ftilt Njr tjmiifclvci. Kut 
if FclJcr be wanted, weluvea(up|)'y by /y.r/, we mow 
tn the W.ir/lf J and J*'c'.//, <irri:c .Vrr,:»>of ihetjifli(h 
Grajiiwcufc, ortbe Tr/'j /i>i.iirx\to( LxJunCjD.'inJ 
ioinrtiiiies tlur itfcU'; a Thiiu; lejit>, tn.i e.iii.j rd:>.l 
and u goudtulai aiwell a5U-e)> .-indmt»xisio Ojrs, 
I'tajr. iiiwu/ anrl fum 1 I tie, it.oncl.neo' ttieiii 
ajfo 

rhuSdieam of Crj.^i»',' Jiid ker^rrjint' S'^ti^^ ,„jy 
iiitonn Ir.qmicT: wlut 1 >c WdoIs ,inJ iiii!ir».i.tn Lands o' 
llK>fr CiHUiuyt lodmielofiwilldo in |>T^Miiiin !i> Lui,;< 
h.cre, .inil tunli niioiilj >, hu tj;i v ,iii i>i..;!i n) 1 j„ ..^ 



Plate XIII. — This Tract, written by Penii, is of tlie greatest rarity and 
of interest as exhibiting the terms upon which Penn disposed of his lands. 



i86 The Father lajid 1 4^0- 1 J 00. [1682] 

f I.) 

Nader Informatic of Ondcircchtingevoordc gene die 
genegen zijn om na AMERICA te gaan , en 
wel voornamendijk voor die gcenc die in de Provin- 
tie van PENSYLVANIA gcintrcfTccrt-zijn. 

OPdathcc vcrderblijkenmach , Jioc onfc qoedcrcii cii landcryeii, mdicciiu ■ 
ticreri van America , vcrmccrdcrt en vcibcrert kuiiiicn wouicn , fo heb ik 
toe mccrdct onderncht cii vcrfckcringc van diegccne , die daar na louden mo- 
gen vragen. voorgcnoomcnaanmijneygcncrvarcnthcy: en kcnnillc nidic 
fake , neven'? de opmei kingen van andcrc , rr.ec Too vcol omllandighcdcn 
als'cdocnlijktSi voor tcftellen ondei: dc fcven navolgcnde hoofcrtukken. 

I. Het voordcci dar "er vait op den nivocr van gcic . en koopmanfciuppcii. 

II. Hctvooidcciopdcnar'oeyc , 'tiy vanambachten of andcrs. 

III. Het voordcci dat cr IS tc docn , met het land felfs. 

IV. Wat liet koltcn zai om ccn huysgefin dcrwaarcs te vocicn , en ccn plant.igic janp* 
(tcllcn. 

V. Opwatwijfcdc armc luydon (ouden konncn ovcr<;evocrt wordcn , met vooulecl 
toor de Rijke , die liaar daarm louden beliulpzaam wclcn. 

VI. Hoegcmakkehjkcr , en bequamcr datmcn aldaar fijn nakomclingcn kan vcrforgcn, 
en voornamcntiijk de gcenc , die nice f'ccr Riik rtjn. 

V'll. Wat voor geiceUchappcn en koopmankluppcn bcflzijn, om daar na toe ;c brcn • 
gen , 't zy om klfe te gcbruykcn , t zy om daar met profijc tc vcrkoopcn. 

I. Wat nu het caflc Hooftftuk belangr, ftukkenvan achtcn, of Spaanfc patTacon<: , 
gcv^n 50. ten hondcrtavancc , en koopmanfchappen wel mgckocht , ^o. ten honderr , 
(ulksdat , genoomen dac ik hadde maar ico. 1. flerlingsof 450. pattacoiis , of llijksdaal- 
dcrs , mdien mijn famihc maaruyt fi-perfooncn bcftaat , foofalik de vraclit-peniungcn 
uyt de winften op het gelt bctaalcn , en ini)n too. 1. daar te landenochhebbcn. Opgoc- 
dcrcnwchngckocht , en wel geiorteert , vait "crnoch mccrprofijt : Maarecndecl m gc!- 
dc isfeeidienftig, omdcs handels wille. Want men vindt datdewaren daar doorbeccr 
gcrrokken word'en : fuiksdatgemcrkt de grootc quantitcyt van warcnalreedcdaar hcncn 
gevocrt , hctnict ongeradcnisdatmcn regenwoordig d'ccnhclfr mgclde, cndcandcrin 
koopmanfchappen necmr. 

Ditzy gcnocch ni 't gcncraal gefeyt. Maar dc Coopluydcn bevmdcn byfbndcrlijkin:ir 
fclven aan?emcedigt door het profijt, dat feldcn nimdcr is als 50. ten hondert , 'twc!k 
cen grootc avance is. Wy hcbbcnookvcrfchcydcfaken , om inRctourcn tcfendeii, als 
Vcllen, Pcltery , Traan , 0!y, Tabak&c. 

1. Watdcnarbcyt of arbeyts-loon .langaat, 'tzy voor ambachts-luyden , of .inde"C- 
daar voor is de aanmocdjginge medc confidcr.ibcl , om dat men daar meet wmt als hicr in 
Engclant ; Want dc waren of manufadurcn , diemcn daar komt tc maken , worden gcdc- 
bitecrt voor dcfelvc prijs als die, die by de Coopman ingevocrt worden, en dc levcns-middc- 
ien , daar jmmcis foo goet koop welcndc als hict in Engclant > loo moctcn dc ambaclus- 
luydcn m America ccn fccr gqcde tijt en gclcgcnthcyt ncbbcn, om datfc ccn dobbcMc 

K v.iiill 

Plate XIV. — The Dutch edition of Perm's " Information and Direction." 



[i682] Appendix. 187 

A brief AccouDt of the 

^a^obmce of ^ennfpltjania, 

Lately Granted by the 



K I N 




Under the GREAT 



Seal of England, 



TO 



WILLIAM PENN 

AND HIS 

Heirs and Affigns. 

Since (by the good Providence ot Cod, and the Favour of the King) a 
Country in Amtric* is fallen to my Lot, 1 thought it not Icfs my 
Duty, then my Honcft Intcreft, to give fomc publick notice of ic to 
the World, thot thore of our own or other Nations, that arc inclin'd 
toTranfport Themrdves or Families beyond the Seas, may find ano- 
ther Country added to their Choice; that if they fhall hapicn to like 
the Place. Conditions, and Government, (ro far as the prcfcnt Infancy of things 
wif! allow us any profpefl^ they may, if they pleafc. fix with mc in the Pro- 
vince, hereafter defcribcd. 

I. Tbc KING'S Title to thit Coimry before- he granted tt. 
It is the Jm Centtum, or LaW of Nations, that what ever Wafte, or uncuf- 
ccd Country, is the DifcoVcry of any Prince, it is the right of that Prince, that 
was at the Charge of the Difcovery : NoW this frcvincc is a Member of that 
part of America^ which tht}^in%o\ England s Anccftors have been at the Charge 
of Difcovcring, and which they and he have ta^cn great care to prcferve ani 
'mprovc. 

/ i I. William 

Plate XV.— Title-page of Penn's " Binef Account " of 1682. 



The Fatherland 14^0-1700. 



[1682] 




[i682] Appendix. 189 

X H E 

WORK 

OF THIS 

GENERATION. 

Written in Truc-Love 

To all fuch as are weightily inclined 
to Tranfplant thcmfelvcs and Fami- 
lies to any of the Englijh Plantati- 
ons in 

AMERICA. 

THE 
Mod material Doubts and ObjeSions againfl: it 
being removed, tbey may more cheerfully pro- 
ceed to the Glory and Renown of the God of 
the whole £arth> who in all Undertakings is to 
be looked unto, Praifed and Feared for Ever. 

Jiffke viittitro UtetMr ut India Stck. 



LONDON, ■printed fcr Benjamin CUri^ m Ceorge-Tard in 
Untard-^reety i^. 

Plate XVII.— Title-page of "Plantation Work." [For proof of author- 
ship see "William Penn in America," Philadelphia, 1SS8, pp. 55-56.] 



190 The Fatherland 14^0-i'joo. [1683] 

A Vindication of W I L L I A M P E N N, 

Proprietary oiVen^ihama, fromthelate Afperfions 
i pread abroad on purpofe to Defame him . With 
an Ab(lra6t of feveral of his Letters Unee hi^ 
Departure froiii England. 

WILLIAM PENN h2\ing been of. Vie An^^etidfXiit S*ndj Fo»nd*ritni.:fet wbkh 
l.its Traduced as btmg a Papilt, and he was put in the Tower^ No«. Thai am Expli- 
IikewifcbjingDi3<l, I thought rneec cation was fmcerely given forth by tK.f^nn, con- 
to give a. (holt Relation oi the tile ccming'the laid book, Entituleil, Innoccncy ap- 
aftd grvvind ot that n:inci<:i;ou$R<pQit, andDe- fttirtpg with ofen face, which ^\tiM<i\i^\iU€i\-. 
t«ft it, with an Abftr4<> ot hij o^n ttttcrs re- , on il]at.h«,was fctat, Liberty, 
ceired fince to (hew that heiijjivc; ■ So thi* was the liibftancc of hi9 Anfwer, by 

which jounlay perceive thefcfblentfs of his fade 
! One of tb< fifl^ and moft futlous Foraeptet:^ . fuggeftion \ and- the bafenefs of his Spirit : 
oiuf Authors o{that Utc lying Rtipoi t ol WtHium tkcftas to I^i^g^o($Lyeof iV. /"s kefepinga Jefuic 
fenti'i being a Papift ( after dijigent EiKjuiry to vtri.tc bis Book$,vvhenI chprgcd him wuh itj 
vx\i.\e) appijri to be Thorn*! Hnk}t a liapuft to th4t he w»s Mute, and would givcrac iioAn- 
Tfcuher, tlie eriviousfjU'eDiilogue-Maktr, who- I'war, but llitfflcd to another thing 
hat b-cn openly prov'd anotonou^Foiger.Slau- Hereby you may lie that the laid Thi.flicki- 
derer and D-f»mer of the Pcopl. called Qv^akecs,, nppears.tQ be a, bufie Slanderer as well as a.man«-i 
wickedly and malitioufly rendnng tbctn.iw ftft Forgtr of notorious fallhoods, as bt£i>r«.- 
etriftians, but Receivers and ■In^poftoi,'*, ^ai chargt4. - 

zrrti df fair.iffg them in tlieir I'uff^ingt, which.wqj , The falf)>H)ggtmo,fr.of TK Htfkf taking Air* 
jH>f CoofewrKC t/^f^rd* Goi, infimuting, TJhftf; 3ul.eftcotw:age) qthcrstoa^JdjhcrMdjapdajaonglt 
tke f^tuf^hion o{ tkitr-vtilts and hifts, arid frame- the IieveratStori<s this wa5 one. That W. Finit, 
t-inj!;'tl9tir cafit^i!InH.rcjl,(» he th chiij motive and perverted ope, fs/ir.Edfaw:. iSiffftx Gendenwn, 
LtdHermcnt rfcv".*> ^^"^ t^'f g^'" ti>inginiht>r to the ^om«^ Religion, who lived and died neab 
5^,(1* in His Dialog, t.p.7 5.} As alio his lifls and his houfe. The firft that I cogld find who waffi 
flinders, That h: hsd ii i;ndor V/. l'\ Hand to. lb bold to aflftrm thu, was f. g. who quotecK 
nianifcil him the Ulki'l Villain upon the E»rth, the Puke oi Sfmtrftt's Stewardfor his Author,. 
«Bci:thKftv>T«lQfh)$rri(nd5h»d been with him to whom lappfied.niy felf , and he affiTOtdri'! 
tol'ee it, and were fatt^licd it wasfo. iind defi- he Roported itnot,neiihcr knew any thing of it:, 
ted hiai not to Jock upon the reft of Fricndi as; That being det«<!>ed, F. F. chijiged it upon Cap-; 
upon iV. P. And fctther, that the BooH his ttin Gratrvtak oS ^h/ex, Brother-in law to th*" 
Mame\v.;s too, vvae not of Ins o.v;» Writing, Cud Captain E4ftiv, to whom MelTengers wcio 
bucth.uh; lupt a l-fiiitc for that purpolV. X^nt by W.Ttnn's Wife to know the ttutl» 

Now Ihaviig information of thisfalfi R>;p«f.t thtrepf, and ht a)f« denied it,' and f.id, Ha 
and Slander, and btiiig chidly cotvcern\l '.n th<? i^ould/pit in. the Faa cf a.-tyirMV that vpoitldclmjc 
Affair) of ly. ton in hii Abfcncc, look'd upon u upo;i him. This he declared bofore leveral 
pw fell" obl.g'd io Confcknce to vindicate hislnh W.tnelTes "id ftid, If fte were not fatisfied 
riocen'-yand^.hriftur. Repi4tatiofl:\Vhercuport with what he,h*d there declared , he woulc* 
I took with me K. D^vu undR. M-wuh feveral, vaitupctRher. ajitigive hpr what fa^isfjftion fha 
ethers upon tb« Ext W/, an<(asKed.T«^-«'f^J fjleafed under l)i.phi>nd,. lor he fcornd toabulo 
IfhehadituoderlK i':»^('s hand to nunifeft him' ft', Civil jnQeoilcfWl behind hiS- back : So tha 
as aforcfaid ? To whiih he Anfwir^d, rc',h. h^d; rif. of that Story lodg« as yet at f. F^doat^ 
Then Idefired bim to pacne one of the Friondf And forth* prt.tef.ded ^rv wd P<i loa t^apia.n 
tha w;.jlo f«.»P.od, huOiu/Hiog Anfwer. w«^ i^Giv. ( fqr (p he wascaMJi .«hey who arc ds^ 
Ibere v«as a grea ro.ny of then,, b„^ could ro- firous to b^ fyr^l^i i,tM. «ay enqu.re^cf Dho 
«,en,ber tbe^Kame. ofWe of .hem, u being Warden of the F/<^f. i!^" »^5]^ '''t,? °^^ 
four or five yc,i sago. 1 then d.fncd to (ire his dft^h appe*r . i^i^'' i^ Kf>^f MT--" wa. cow- 
Lettc. ? He Anfwered, He h«d nor>e. 1 Qiirried, m.tted Frifor^ei.to t^e F4cft iox «ebt the 2,7«feog 
What he h.d under hi« own Handthen ? He Re- N»vtn>h(T 1^8. and npi. KjMtwn to go abro;»<J 
• •• I-....,. „ p. ;„,, I ^.m,n(!f 'I the Title? after Comraitmcn; to his dy»r.gdav> whKhwM 

Plate XVili. — Heading of Philip Ford's "Vindication of William Penn." 



[1683] Appendix. 191 



L E T^ T E R 

Proprietary and Governour of 

PENNSYLVANIA 

In America, 

TO T HE 

COMMITTEE 

:jf m ^onetp of CraUtts: 

ofthac Province, rcfidmg in London. 

C0NTAININ« 
A GcDcral Delcriptionof the faid Proviixe, its Soil, Air, Watf^Safw tsA frMUtt, 

both Natural aod Artifvcial, and tlic good Encreafe (bcreof. 

0{t'ne^''ttivftOT Abori^intt, ^eir La'i^n^t^e , Cnfiemi ^\iiAUnntTt, Diet, HmfaOxWi^ 

Tvams, Libtrality, Cffie voaj of l^Vwg, Fhyfck, BKri*l, Religitify SMnfcu tod C/tKkt^ 

Fejlivuli, Cuvsriuiurty aod tticir order in Council tpoi Tftadcvfor 

Land> e^c. tlicir yit>ii:e upon Etil Dotn. 

Of the fiffi P/Mlers, the Dutch, &c. and the frefmt CcndtMM aod SUtlSaemt o{ fjx 

faid PrevinfCy and Court! of JufiictytS-c. 

To which is added. An Acc<.yiit of the C I T Yof 

PHILADELPHIA 

Newly laid one. 

Its Scituatiot) between two Navigable Rivers, Velaipore atid SkulKili, 

WITH A 

Portraiture or Plat-form thereof, 

Wkrfin tbePsrcbafers Lots arc diflinguilhcd hj certain Nonbert infcrtwL 

Aadthe Profperous and Advantagious Settlements of the &v«rt;r afore&id, withia 

the faid City and Country, ti-c. 



Tthtti udSolihy Andrew Sowk, *t the Crooktd-Bilh i» HoUoway-Ivme- in 
Sboteditcb, ditd M fivertl Ststi<mrj im hfoioa, i6Sj. 



Plate XIX.— Title-page of Penu's letter to the "Free Society of Traders. 



192 The Fatherland i^^o-iyoo. [1684] 

MISSIVE 

VAN 

William Penn, 

Eygenaar^n Gouverneur van 

PENNSYLVANIA* 

In AMERICA. 

Gelchreven aan de Commiflariflen van de Yvjo. Socie- 

teyt der Handelaars , op de felve Provintie , 

binnen London refidcerende. 

BEHELSENDE: 

CmucmralebcfcMbingcban t>ebo(ytu>eitt6e J^^iobinm: tctocfcjt/bM 
fjare <B^an!D/Xwcbt/i©amr/;Saiiroemnm*c p^buct/foo upt be nm uur q\^ 
bao^ l^nlwutocn/ nefeujSbt Jjroote bermctrberinflc of mcenifilib«Jbi!U' 
ae/ tocilic ^?niafteb albaar untgcbenbci^. 

Sllji mttni ban be BatHttSm of anboo^mgtnbfjtlanbtsr/Jjaa-^sftr' 
•©etooonten;^ c« iKantcrm / j&aac #Sptjfcn/ I&upfen of i§!0binmj>7 
.fKtIbl&ept / gctnacSeijjcftc manier ban leben / M^tmm. 1 mamertn ban 
SScfiraafftmjf/ <25objfbtmft/ 4^ffa:6anbcnen«©cfangm/ tiaarliooge^ 
feclf en / iRrgcecmse / en ojb^c in Bare iHaben / taamtcer fp met penianbt 
Sanbclcnoberfiet tcrftoopcnbanSanbcrptn/ ^c. iBcbcnjf ^e Stuflu 
tie/ of Jflec&t boen obec quaatboenberiS. 

.tKitTS'gaberjScen^&ertctjt banbeeertleCoIomerjS btlNlan&ctTti/ (|f, Cit 
ban be tegenbjoo^biae toelTant en toelaefleUJiept ban ^ booinccmbe pjo^ 
bmneenfiect)tbanRen/(|t. albaac 

Waarbynoch gcvocght isccnBefchrijvingvandcHooft-Stadt 

PHILADELPHIA 

Nuonlangsuytgefct, en gelcgcn tuflchen twee Navigable Rivicrco, 
namcndijk: nifTcncn Delaware cnSchujilkil. 

Cnbe ccn uerijaar ban bcboojfpocbwc enboo^bceriotftanbtbanfaftcnbait 
be boo^noembe-^ctetept binnett be boo^noembe ^^tabt en p^bmtie / (|c. 

AMSTERDAM, 
Ctdaikt voorjACOD Ciaus, BockvcrkooperindcPrincc-flraat, 1684. 

Plate XX.— Title of Dutch Edition. 



[1684] Appendix, 193 

0«f <H AMERICA wmt^XdiiXtm 

PRO V INZ 

PENSYLVANIER 
PHILADELPHIA 

2fu^ t)<^ Gouvcrncurs ^qrilltim iX^iiiim 



2ii*?3crlcflmifl 6ei; •^cttri^-^mp^ifDrr Banco/ 



© 



Plate XXJ. -Title-page of German version. [From the original in 
Carter Brown Library.] 



194 The Fatherland i^^o-iyoo. [1684] 



R E C tj E I L 

DIVERSES 

PIECES, 

CONCERNANT 

LA 

PENSYLVANIE. 




A LA H A Y E, 
Chez Abraham T r o ye l, 

Matchand Libraire, dans li Grand Sale 
dela Cour, M.D C.LXXXIV. 



Plate XX 11. -Title-page of " Collection of Various Pieces Concerning 
Pennsylvania. 



[i684] Appendix. I95 

Eclainiffeyrjr.s dc Moyificiir Ftirlj , 
fur i)l'.ifieurs k^, ticks touchaat 

AUX ACK>. TtURS. 

LE Gouverneur vend trois mille Acres 
ou portions de Tcae cent livres 
Sterling qui valenr oiuc ccns livres 
d'Hollandc^outcciie ccis livres cie Fran- 
ce. Chaque Acre , ou x):ion, e'cantdeli 
grandeur ou environ d'un A vpent d Hollan- 
dc; a la charge que L'Achctenr s'obligcrn, 
tanc pour lai que po.ir 5cs Dilccndans , d'cii 
payera perpetuity, & cclaci'an en an, unct 
rente d'unlchclin Anglois, qo.ivaur dou/.c 
fols d\\ngletcirc , pour chaque cent A • 
cres , cvon fcra arpenter & dclivcer laaue 
Tcrrcaufdits Achctcurs toutcfois & quan- 
tei qa';ls Ic ibuhaitcront , Ibic.i cux-mCmes; 
ou a ccux qui auront procuration d'cux^ 

Cctte Teire ctant dciivree de la ictjtc, 

rAchctcurferatcnu , danslctcrmedefrois 

vjij.. dctablir unc luniiilc lar i. '•• ."tuc por- 

i" ■; lion 



Depuisqucic Gouverneur a (5crit la Let 
trc que vous allc? voir, il en a aicorc cu- 
voycd'autrcs cnAngleierrc cndauc dudix 
Novcmbrc 1683. ftiic nouveau , la ou il 
donnc a coiinoitrc le progres des fucccs hcu- 
rcut-qui arrivent dans cetto Province ; & 
que dansce moisilyctoit arrive cinq Vaif- 
feaux , entr'autrcs un qui a apporte beau- 
coupdcgens dc Crevelt , & dcs licux ciicou- 
v«d^M^2( du.Mary land > Je fuis 



A Kotferdain 
ff A.Man 



Voire trh-afftSlionnt Ami ■ 
Be^WAHI^ Fuk l v. 



Plate XXllI.— Heading and Colophon of Fuily's "Explanations to 
Purchasers and Renters" in the French edition. 



196 The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 yoo. [1685] 



(jood Order EUMijhed 

I N 

Pennfilvania &:NeW'jerfey 

AMERICA, 

Being a true Accoanrof the Country • 
With its Produce and Commodities there made» 

And the great Improvements that maybe made by 
means of ^^ublicfe ^tQ3tc>l)0ufeiS for^rmp, flaie and 
ILinnen-^Clot^ \ alfo, the Advamagcs of a J^ublirtJ^ 
^C^OOl, the Profits of a |S^llblicli'lBanlJ, and the Proba- 
bility of its arifing, ifthofe directions here laid down are 
followed. With the advantages of publick <^%tiXiZX\t%, 

Likewife, fcveral other tilings needful to be.underftcod by 
thole that are or do intend to be concerned in" planting ia 
the faid Countries. 

All Nvhich is laid down very plain, in this fraall Treatife ; it 
keing eaOc to bcunderftood by any ordinary Capacity. To 
which she B.ukr is referred for his further fatisfaftion. 



"By Thomas "BudJ. 



Printed in the Year 168^^ 

Plate XXIV.— Title-page of Budd's Tract, printed by William Brad- 
ford, Philadelphia. [See Hildeburn's " Issues of the Press in Penna.," p. 4. 



[1685] Appendix, i97 



Miffive van 

CORNELIS BOM, 

Gefchrcven uit cle Stadt 

PHILADELPHIA. 

In de Provintie van 

PENNSYLVANIA, 

Lcggcndc op d'Ooftzydc van de 

Znyd Rcvicr van Nieuw |Nle4crland. 

i^crhalendedegroote Voortgflftk 

vail de fclve Provintie- 

l&Mc &p Itomc 

Dc Getuygenjs van 

JACOB TELNER. 

van Amfterdam. 




Tot It9t;«-44in gedrukc » by Pieter v^ii 
Wijnbruggc, in de Lceuwcftracc i <^8 = 



Plate XXV.— Title-page of Cornelis Bom's " Account. 



198 The Falherland 14^0-iyoo. [1685] 



A Further Account of the Province 

of PENSYLVANIA,and its Improvements. 

For the Satisfadion ofthop that are Adventurers , and 
Inclined to be Jo. 

IT Ins IknoWjbccnmuchexpcdcd from mc thai I lliouldgivefome 
farther Narrative of thofe parts of America ^ uhere I am chiefly 
mtcrcflcd, and have lately becn;havmg continued there above a 
Year atter my former AV/j//(?/;, and receiving; fince my return > the 
Frcllicfl andfulleft Advices of its fAogz-fy^ and Improvement. But as the 
rcafbn of my coming back, was a difference between the Lord Balta- 
wore and my felf, about the Landi ej Dehware, m confequence , repu- 
ted ofmighty moment to us,fo[ wav'd pubhflimgany thing that 
might look in favour of thj Country or inviting to it , wlulft it lay 
under the Difcouragemeot and Difrcputation of thac Lord's claim and 
pretences. 

But fince they ai;c , afier mnny fair and full hearings before the 
Lords of the Committee {or P/antiitions ]\:iii\y and happily D/fmr/f, and 
the things agreed; and that the Zf //fry which daily prefs me tVom 
all parts, on the fubje(5l o^ America , arc fo many and volummous , 
thu to anfvver them feverally, were a Task too heavy, and repeated 
ti perform, I have thought it mofl eafie to the Enquirer, as well as my 
Iclf, to make this Account Publick, left my filence, or a more private 
mtimation of things, lliould difoblige the jufl inclinations ofany to 
/America, and at a timc-foo, when an extraordinary J'rovidencc fcems 
to fevour us plantation, and open a Door to Europeansio pafs ih:thcr. 
That then which is my jxirt to do- in this Advcrtifement is, 

Fiifl, 7'c? Relate our Progrefs, efpecuH) fince my lafl oj the Abntb ccJ- 

/e<?'Aaguf>, 8^. 

Sc(zoud\y^The Capacity of theplace forfa^ther Improvement , m order 

to Trade and CommtrQC. 

A z Laftly, 

Plate XXVI.— Heading of Penn's " Further Account." 



[1685] Appendix. 199 

T W E E D E 

Bericht ofte Relaas 

Van 

William Penn, 

Eygciiaar en Gouverncur van de Provintie van 

PENNSYLVANIA, 

In AMERICA. 

Behelfende een korte Befchrijvinge van den 

tegcnwcx)rdige toeftand en gelegentheid 

van die Colonie. 

atetbjsaaber^/ etn aantojjfiitct dp toat \mi Conbtrieit/ tie fi?ne tU 
onmacfttifl jtJn/ om ftaat fcltten tt fionnen traniSpo^tcmn / baaw 
Ijecncn fmiDen ftUnnentoojlicn gel)2ac9t/mctt)oo^DertrotDefiCiie/W« 
Oaer J^enwngm toe foufem betfcljimn. 

Uyt het Engds ovcrgcfct. 



t'A M S T E R D A M» 



98)? J A CO B c t A u 5, tJ&oeiHrtrftoptt in t« i^jtaft^ltaar. 

Plate XXVIl.— Title-page of Dutch edition of Penn's " Furllier 
Account." [From the original in Carter Brown Library.] 



2CX) The Fatherland 14^0-i'joo. [1687] 

A 

LET T E R 



FROM 



©octo^ illo;it 



WITH 

Paffages ovd of feveral Letters 
from Peifojas oi good Credit, 

Relatiiog to the State and Improvemejit of 
ike P.Toviiice of 

PENNSILVANIA- 



Fullijhedto preveni fcdjcl^vortz. 



Priniexi iittlic "^ar 168/. 

Plate XXVIII. 



[1687] Appendix. 



201 



ZONDER KRUYS 

GEEN KROON, 

Of eene 

VERHANDELING 

der Naruurc en Tucht 

van het heylig' 

KRUYSE CHRISTI: 

Vertoonende 
Dat de verloocheningzyns zeU>. en hct 

<UgeIyk$ draagcn vanhetKniyfeChrittijde 

ecni^ew'cg lotde R«'lleen het Konin^;- 

rykc GoJs Is. 

Tot Lckrachti^itrge vsn 't welke hier byg«toegd 

zyii> vede frifldyke RcJeren en Voorbcddcn 

van vei niaardt cii gelcerie pcrfooaen 

dciaalouJe tydenj 

^It me fie 

Vtrfc'ieydcneGctiiygenincn van Ikden van 

Staat ca Gfletrdhcyd. op hiinnc 

(lerf-ftonle iiytgeJj'rok«u, 

Dcor 

WILLIAM P E N N, 

Gouverneur en tygeiidar van 

lB^efngel(cheTa»lsbtfehrceftn,eninHfi;lfee<ni- 
' gereyifi.h'rJriiVt, en ^,ud.^aruyt,lfn6len0e^•.|.- 
■ iciLands-litdcn.in't Ncdcrduytfch gtbracht 
Door 

W". SewtL. 

*'Araftcr«Jam , by J A C 15 CI. A.U S . B"rk- 
vcrkoopcr indc Prinfe-{lra»(. KS7. 



Plate XXIX.— Title-page of Dutch edition of Tenn's "No Cross No 
Crown." Original Knglish edition printed in the year 1669. 



202 The Fatherland i4^^o-i']00. [1687] 



THE 

Prefent State 

Of His Majellies 

Ifles and Territories 

AMERICA 

VIZ, 

Jamafta, BarbaUocjS, "jrianffuflla, JBccmutiajS, 
S.C^jidopljersf, Sl^ebtjiJ, ^^CaroUna, 5Uirjjinia, 
jamcffo, S. (Bmcent, ><^/I5e\3)=(l0nfl:lanti,'?Ii:obaffo. 
a)om(nfca, j}i£to=3f cCc?»^ /^tto-ifounn -Hanti* 
^aUwnia, S^onferat, 3 1 Sl^at:p-ILanU,ifiet»=l?oiB, 

With Hew Maps of every Place. 

Together with 

Aflronomical T A B L E S^ 

Which will ferve as a conftant Diary or Calendar, 
for the ufe of the EngUjh Inhabitants inthofe 
Iflands ; from the Year i6S6, to 1700. 

Alfoar<«fcfeby which, at arty time of the Day or Night herein 
En^Jmdy you may know what Hour it is in any of thofe parts. 
And how to make Sm-PUh fitting for all thofe places. 



Licensd^ July 20. i685. KogCC ?l '(lgltcange> 
LONDON: 

Printed by H. Clark, for SDoiman il^rtuman, at the 
Kings- Arms in the Pox/n-fy, 1687. 



Plate XXX.— Tille-page of Bloiue's "English America." 



[i688] ' Appendix. 203 



LAMERIQUE 

AN GLOISE, 
o u 

DESCRIPTION 

D E S 

ISLES ET TERRES 

D u 

ROI D'ANGLETERRE, 

DANS 
L'A M ER I aU E. 

Avec de nouvclles Cartes do cha 
que ir.c 6c T<"rres. 

Traduit de i'Jnglois. 
A AMSTERDAM, 

Chez A D R A H A M "VJ^'oLFG AMO^ 

pies la Bourle. 
M. DC. LXXXVllI. 



Plate XXXI. — French-title page of Blome's "English America. 




204 The Fatherla7id 14^0-ijoo. [1690] 



ractdtlein 

DC ofnnmm Sandorum Vitis 

I. Deomnium PontificxJm Statutis 

II. DeConCilioruni Decifionibus 

V. De Epifcopis &c Patriarchis Conftall* 
tinopelitanis* 

I . \?^i 2rtletr ^i\\\^tw fiebens^Ubiiiig 
t.lCcn 2iUrv pipfte (BefcQ. glnfu^rytti 
J. Von Hx Concilicn Sti'itt^Scpinmg^ 
t, tJ<>» ^eneiv23tf(^6ffcit unb Patmfc^dft 
SU ConftantJ'nopd^ 

Otr tunfftfgbtn nod)fe!rner bdrauf 

5« baucn 25otf)abtnDct: 2B<ti:fteit 

praiiTiittiret, 

FRANCISCUM DANIELEM 

PASTORIUN. J. in L. 

3nl5cnft)l\?antaneu!i(fc}tt>onmir fn 

0tunb QtiijcJ^gtcn / unD uun niit 9ut{m 
Succcfs auf9el)fnl)en <;^tabt: 

GERMANOPOLI 

AmQ Cbrifii M. DC, XC. 

Plate XXXII. Title-page of Pastorius' " Four Useful Tracts. 



[1691] Appendix. 205 

Tlie 

FRAME 

OF THE 

GOVERNMENT 

Of the Province of 

^emtfplijattm 

In America. 






Printed, and Sold by y^^drcvif Soith at 
the Ciookcd-BiUet hi IMowAy^L^rje'Ui 
Sh»rediichj 1691- 



Plate XXXIII. — Title-page second edition of Peiin's "Frame of 
Government." 



2o6 The Fatherland i^^o-iyoo. [1691] 

Some 

LETTERS 

AND AN 

^bftratt of %txxix% 

FROM 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Containing 

The State and Improvement of that 

Province. 



Pkbl^edto prevent Mif-Reforfs, 



^1* 



Printed, and Sold by Andrei? Soufe^ at the Crooi^cl.SUhi m BoUo'^ 
waymZune^ in Short ditchj Kf^J* 
Plate XXXIV. 



[1692] Appendix. 



207 







©4mt 

un^ h^abrbafftlgcn Ut:facl)Ctt i&rctfo gcofs 
fertDccadcnjunft Cc&armung^ tvfics 

Wtctt glQubltflrbigen Documentls un5 

Q5vt«fflid)en UrfunDen ( bet i^o (ebenben licbeit 

©urgerfdMfft / unb 3)€to 9^acbfommen / ju gutcc 

^a*ric&t) alfo jufammen ^etragcrt / unD in 

ben 2)i:ucf segcben 

Melchforem Adamum Paflorium > 

(iltcrn 23urgemcif!crn unb Obct'.:}lic6' 

tern in bcfaqtec (gtaDt* 

®ebrucft JU Jliirnberg 
3m3abKi5:bvi|]ii65;z» 

Plate XXXV. — Title-page of Melchior Adam Pastorius' Tract on 
' Windsheim and Pennsylvania." 



2o8 The Fatherland 14^0-1700. [^692] 



Francisci Danielis Pastorii 

Sommerhufano- Franci. 

ber Ic^tmablti erfunDcncn 

S(mcti(janifcben ganDfc^afFt 

PENSYLVANIA, 

(Dvit angeftcnctten cinigert ti(:)tabfcn33cgcj 

icnbeitcnuni) ^)cric[)t;@d)reibeiian i)#n^rn. 
'pattern/ PatriotcnunDsute JrcunDe 

^ © tjl fecncn Vlleinicten xn^t^t^awyt jut* 
(5mlge bef un6r/ auf wae VOcifc id)/ 
von memcrt 2\int>ti5bdhen art/4uf 
t)em VP :gc Mcfer 5eiclict)f cit meincrt 
IcbcnsJiauff gegen ^le ti*c>bcl6ivif\F^if jU/drt* 
jcfidjtet unDin atUmmeincmilbuiT ^abt^t^^> 
[iad)rct btJbe/ txJie id) ^cn allcin clutch VbitUrt 
©0ctc5ef£cnrtcn / feine bobe 2UImad)t fin\i;# 
rcn / im&fetrteunci-c^i*rinblid>ec£)ureliebcnlei'# 
ncnm6d)tc. UnJ) obn?oblc»t ld> nebff rtn6a'ft 
jcmdncn tOifTcnfd>affren bci-frcyen '^xxn^tti 
I)ae Studium Juris feliciterablblvii-ec/ptc Jta? 
Jvanifc^'unb S^iM\y^'i\\An Bpi'ad>cn exfunda- 
mencobecjriffeti / aiid^Dcnfoqcnanrttertgi-op 
fen Tour Oiivd) ^le ilan&rd)aifffn cfctban / f^ 
babcid)jebod)an allen0i:tenurt&^i:nC>cnincu 
hen t^vofjVjicn ^^Icif) u^^2:jcmubu^(T un afiOcLS 
n»d)t{?neweribct/al9 ciseiulid; 5uafa(?ten/ii?<> 

4 ^dd? 



Plate XXXVl.— Heading of description of Pennsjdvania in Melchior 
Adam Pastorius' ' ' Wiudsheim Tract. ' ' 




[1692] Appendix. 209 



A Shore 

DESCRIPTION 

OP 

^cnuftlbama:, 

Ot, A Relation What things are known, 

enjoyed, nnd like to bedifcovered m 

in the fa id Province. 



of England. 



T.y Richard Frame. 



T'Tintedanii SoU hy William Bradford i? 
Philadelphia, 1692. 



Plate XXXVII.— Title-page from Frame's "Description of Penn- 
sylvania." [Original in L. C. P. Presented (?) as a Token of Good Will to 
the People (?) of England. ] 



2IO The Fatherland i^^o-iyoo. [^695] 



COPIA 

\\m letti)^lcDreil}cn5 m^ 

Dec ncucn ^clf/befrcffenD 
]ie ^rjel(un0 einec gefdf)rficf;en 

[(^if?faif^/unl) gliicfdi^euglnldrtbung etlitpec 
g^nftl/djen Dteifeijefe^rten/ft)e(il;e 311 tern (Jn- 
te tiefe QBaUfafitt angetcetten/ fcea ©(all- 
ien an S^fum ^|)cfrruin a(IDa<iui^ 
autoiten 

Tc?^. xu, <f. 

©er ^onf^c unb garden "^c^t^) mb ^eimllc^fdtett 
fbaman oerfd)n)ei9en/aber 0Otte^-5IBe.i:jcf foil 
man Ijcrvlicl) prcifcn unb offcnbarem 



0f &racft int 3aOv i6pf. 



Plate XXXVIII.— Title-page of Johaiin Gottfried vSeelig's "Report 
to A. H. Francke, after his arrival in Pcunsylvaiiia." 



[i695] 



Appendix. 



211 



A N 

ACCOUNT 



O F 



L'S 



TRAVAILS 

I N 
HOLLAND and GERMAN!, 

Anno MDCLXXVII. 

For the Service of the Gofpel 
of Chrift, by way of Joumal. 

Containing alfo Divers Letters and 
Jipiftles writ to fcveral Great and 
Eminent Perfons whilil there. 



'W^t fetCOnD 3nip?ef!5iOtl, Correacd by 
the Author's own Copy, with Anfwcrsto Ibme of 
the Letters, not beJote rrinccd. 



Lndon, Printed and Sold by T. SowU , in Wbite- 
Htrt-Ccurt'm Gncc-Chiirch-Strcct, 1695. 



Plate XXXIX.— Tttle-page of Second Kdilion of " rtiiirs Travels in 
Germany." 



212 



The Fatherland i^^o-i^oo. 



[1695] 



Gerardi CroesI 

HISTORIA 

QUAKERIANA, 

Sive 

Dc vulgo diftis QuaKbris^ 

/ib ortu illorum ufque &d rec^ 
natum fchifma , 

L I 6 a 1 1 1 L 

In quibus prjefercim agirur de ipifb- 

rum priCcipu:s antecelloribus , St dogmaus 

( uc & fimilibus placitis alionim hoc 

rtnnpore) faflifcjue ac c-^bus •. 

mutiorahilibu . 




AMSTELODAMl, 

Apud Henricum 8c Viduam. 
The ODOR I Boom. 165)5?. 

Plate XL. — Title-page to original editiou of Croese's " Historia 
Quakeriaua." 



[1696] Appendix. 213 









ifforie/ 

onl)ereniiifprung/ 

k\^ auf jungft^iH eittftanDcne 

Jacmnen ^oniemKcI) Doit 

ben ^auptftiffcrtt Mefer (gcctc/ 

t)erfelbcn £et)rfdgeii/unb anbcrcn 

if)re89lei(|enju btcfcr Jcitauf;? 

sebra^teit gci^ren/crje^lct 



Serftit/ 

6^0 So^ann ^ic&acl SvuiH^crn. 

Plate X LI. —Title-page to German editiou of Croese's " Quakeriaua. 



214 The Fatherland i^^o-iyoo. [1696] 



T HE 

General Hiftory 

O F T H E 

QUAKERS: 

CONTAINING 

TheLives,Tenents,Suffenngs,rryals, 
Speeches, and Letters , 

Of all the mod 2^ir 

Eminent Quakers, 

Both Men swd Wbnicn ; 

From the fir/l Rife of that"ysTC~T, 

down to this pre{ent Time. 



ColUBedfrom Matfufcnpts, &:c. 



J Work mvsr attempted before m Englifli. 



Being Written Originally in Latin 
By GERARD CROtSE. 



To which is added, 

A L E T T E R writ by George Kfith , 
pnd (ent by him to the Author of this 
Book : Containing a Vindication of himfelf,and 
feveral Remarks on this Hiftory. 



LONDON, Printed for 31ol)n JDuntoii, at the R^ym 
in "Jcwen-prtet. \6^6. 



Plate XLII, — Title-page of English edition of Creese's " Quakeriana. 



[1697] Appendix. 



415 



KICHARDI BLOME 

AMERICA^ 

lenigen £anDer unD ^.nfeln 

iiiuevtl)anigfint), 

^uvd) cine bocftberubrnfe Jttci: 

^ci) 3ol)ann (iH'o§cn&^l?ittbe unb .^en. 



Plate X LI 1 1. —Title-page to German edition of Blonie's "English 
America." [From original in Carter Brown Library.] 



2l6 The Fatherland 1 4^0-1 "joo. 

ti%xi%m^iK^ximi}^i\mn an see 



[1697] 




3u 2lCK©^€tJJ^2(W/ 



Plate XLI v.— Title-page of Pastorius' " Missive to the Pietists in 
Germany. ' ' 



[1697] Appendix. 



H^vry BerrhdTd Kjfl^r^ li^illidm O^is^ 

Thorn iff Rtieer!^ Thorn <n Boryer^ 

FOUR 

Boafling Difputers 

Of this World brieHy 

REBUKED, 

And AnTwered according ro their Foffy, 
which they ihemfeNes have manifefted in a 
Ute Pamphlet, entitiled, Mv ice for all Pro-: 
fe/fcn and \Vrtters. 



»f 



217 



Ffa/K(s Dantti Paftorn/s^ 



PrinCed ^nd Sold by WtHi^m Bradford ^i ihe 
Bible in A'en'.Jork., i <5 9 7» 



Plate XLV.— Title-page of Pastorius' "Rebuke. 



2l8 The Fathcrla7id i^-^o-iyoo. [1698] 

AftHiftwAcakand Geographical Accounl 
OF THE 

PROVINCE and COUNTRY 

O F 

PENSILVANIAt 

AND OF 

Weft-Nevp-Jerfy 

AMERICA. 

The Richfiers of the Soil, the Sweetnefs of the Situation 
(he Wholefomnefi of rheAir. the Navigable Riverjr.- and 
others, the prodigious Encreafe*of Corn, the flourilhing 
Condition of the tily of P/w7<i4^^/jp6iA. with the ftately 
Buildings, and other (jnprovernents there. The ftrani^ 
Creatures, asBtfds.Heafts^JFiJhes. and Foivis^ withthf 
feveral forts of Minerals., Purj^ingfVaiers, inAStontSt 
latelv difcovered. The Natives. ^OorcgmeSi theifX^w^ 
gva^i HfUpon., Laivs, and Cuftoms ; The fir ft Planters, 
ihebu^cA, Su'feds^ and Sn^t/h, with the number of 
its (nhabitantf ; Asdlfo a Touch upon Ceor^f KeitVa 
"Setp I^eftgivn , hi his fecorid Change fince he left the 



IVith a. %Jap of both Countries, 

Sy GABRIEL THOMAS, 

Whordidfed there about Fifteen Years. 

Lor/Aon^ Printed tor, and Sold by A.Beddi^m^^K 
the Oxon Artps-Vi IV^rtoick'tani:^ i6^Z, 

Plate XLVl. — Title-page of original edition of Gabriel Thomas' 
Account." 



[1699] Appendix. 219 




HISTORIA 

PENSYLVANIA. 

Enfylvanialicat jtrifJ^en ber^vei^ 
te Dc^ 40. unD 4f.fei:aDciJ : ^at 

ginif n gegen Sjeflen / XXlavient 
lan^ c)cgeti '^uben/ unt) <l<xnat)a 
gegcn ^ovDcn. 3n Der ^4ngc l>at e^ btep buiv 
bevt / unD m Dei* >^mte l)unDert unD acbjij) 

!^ie in Dcm 2anb ju erjl gcbo^rne QJilcfer/ 
oDcv a'tle ^inwol)nei' bicfes ^anDe^/tx>erben/nac5 
il)vem Ui'fpvunq/ bci) Den m^iilcn ^6lcf ein Dafuc 
c;cl)alten / Dafi fe von ben jcl)en lerj^rcueteii 
ferdmmen gemcjcn / meil fie ben 3u?cn an bee 
gan^cn (Bcj/ulr |el)v d^nlic^fmb : (^iel)altea 
Die iTeu # ITlonbe fie opff^vn ilnc Uf ifiimgc 
emem / ben fie fur eincn ^ott f)alten / unD IVa* 
ntto ncnnen/beren fio jtvei> I)aben/ eimn/( tvte 
fie il)ncn einbilben) ba'obenmobnetunbgutirt/ 
iiuD eincn anbern/ bei* ^ier unten/unb bofj ijl/ 
Dflbco fie cine 2kt ton E^iibertjuttjn'^ejJba- 



Plate XLVII. — Heading of German edition of Gabriel Thomas' 
Account." 



220 The Fatherland j^^o-jyoo. [1700] 



PENSYLVA^ 

Snbcnen €nb;©i'attj&en 
AMERICA 

FRANCISCUM DANIELEM 
PASTORIUM, 

J. V. Lie. unt>Sriet)cnfi;;0^ic^teni 

ge notable ^e^et)en^eiteti / un& 

^crict)t^©c&ceibert an OCiRn "Derm 

MELCHIOREM ADAMUM PASTO- 
RIUM, 

Srancf fuft unD jtetpjlg/ 

SufinOen btx^^v^^tm Otto. 1700^. 

Plate XLVIII.— Title-pajfc of Pastorius' " Geo.ijraphical Description." 
[First edition.] 



[1700] Appendix. 221 



VII. Um<ldn^^td)^€^^oqr(r»J6<fcf^r <Bjk^ 

Franci(tuFT\ Daniel em Paftoriura 

J. U. L H«i) gricDen^ 9\icl)ttiu 
DflfdbfMi / !t?obci) rtii(ict)cn(;t:ct 
(lit!) f migf 5lorabic ^egr l)cn^ei# 
ten unD ^3cit<t)r ©a)rft&en,a^' 
l)cflcu QSiUcrn Melch. Adamuniu 
Paltorium ( i) unD (ttltrc ^wtt 

6cp "^IttDr. Oero. ^/oo. iti «. jo. 

JftW^^r/pit^tipf^* flirf Die f)ted'f£5;gde^w 
famfd't offegft/'Mnb na$ ^fnt^it^m U»lea1^ 
tafcn^3'af}rcn grancfreid) tint) ®'<)(«n^ rebft 
ont)evn ^dubern Durcfireifct. ;:i>a et tenn t>tc 
cifcIFcit ber bicfi^eit Sfeflr (rfenHrt unD Dicfcr;* 
tvcgfn nadS)^enfpli)omfn ^cjooen tim bdfelbfl 
ten ^21nicricanifd;cn ^dlcfcrn Die i!?ni i)on 

Plate XLIX.— Heading from Pastorius' Description in Mouatlilichcr 
Auszug. Hanover, 1700. 




322 The Fatherland i^^o-ijoo. [1701] 



BRIEF 

Aan den 

KONING van POOLER 

Opgeftelt door 

WILLIAM PENN, 

Uyt deNaamvan zijnverdrukte enlydendeVrienden 

rot D A N T z 1 G. 

Uit het Engelfch vertaall 

DOOR 

P. V. M. 

T'A M S T E L D A M» 

h) Jacob Claus^ 

Bockvcrkopcr indcPrincc-ftraat. 1701- 



Plate L.— Title-page of Penn's " Missive to the King of Poland. 
[From the original in Carter Brown Library.] 



[1702] Appendix. 223 



Curieufe »Sciit 

TDoit 

PENSYLVANIA 

trt 

^ocl)en* America 




2lufSegebrcn guterStcunte/ 

^ 6ec tjocaefeste 103. %xcs^ 

flcii / bcD fdaer 2(t>reiO au6 ^euifd^ 

IriUD nacl) obtgem ^(Xd^t Anno j7oo» 

cvtl}cilc(/uni)nun Anno i702inDcn2)rurf 

Von 

Spaniel 'Saifnccn/Profcfforc, 

©urgcrn unb 5)tlflrim allba. 

■ ■ ~ i 

^rancffuit unt) S.f ipjtt? / 



Plate LI. — Title-page of Falkner's "Curious Information." 
[From Diffenderfler's " Great Exodus to England."] 



224 



The Fatherland i^^o-i']00. 



[1702] 






inf! 





SCb 






/ 



^u^ ©ermatiron / in Ut %Vim 

Canifd&Cn Province Penfylvama. fOtlft No^ 

va succia, tenerften Augufii, m:3a^t 
m\iU^tt}U eintviufent) rtcben&miDat 



MDCCIL 



Plate LI I. —Title-page of Justus Falckner's " Account of the Religi- 
ous Condition in America." [From the original in the University of Ros- 
tock, Germany.] 



[1702] 



Appendix. 



225 




MiKMmii 



©a^ ill; 

Sltfc^fulii^c/ auf!rfic(f(f)e/ wcbammli(l)eg;irl}uin 

\ii neuen ^(^mcrmcr/ 

5a}tl*< fl«ncnn«t fixrten 




QDie fie ^iefelbc (n i^rm Scarterfen/ auarm/ 6tantartc/ ^aa 

nicr/ ^onigrtict)/ gcffiein/ unb fonfl fcferifftlid) unD munOlid) mit 

gvoifcm €i'gci'nig auegcbrcttet. 

2(uf Slnor&niing (£int^ €tilen J^o^tDi'fen 9latb« 
JDfn €mfaUi9cn ju trtubcr^igcr SBarnung fiir^lict) gffaficf/ 9runWi(& 

ttiCtrUget/ unB in 2)mrf gcgrbtn 
tenb 

€tltcf)c 5i«5U wcrorbncte 
SSf^ Minifierii in ^omSucg. 




Sluf 35<4ic!>rcn bolder ^>frfonfn oiiff:5 ncuc jjcbruJt 



Plate LI 1 1.— Title-page of a specimen of " Anti-Quakeriana." 




226 The Fatherland 14^0-iyoo. [1704] 

ef®reiBung 

©or ju aUcrfcOf etfun&enm 

PENSYLVA" 

AMERICA 

FRANCISCUM DANIELEM 

PASTORIOM* 

J. V. Lie. «r^ SrieMi5^i5i(6t<m 

Oafdbflett/ 

SBotbeoangel^encfet jmbdnf^e no^ 

t«ble ^egeben^etten/ tinD S5en(^ 

@c{)reibett an t>e(J*en ^errn 

QSattemt 

MELCHIOREM ADAMUM 
PASTORIUM, 

Un^ anDere gutc greunDc. 
3^Pn^«l^fl? %»^«a§ Otto. i704» 

Plat© LIV. — Title-p.ige of second edition of Pastorius' "Geographical 
Description." 

[From DiffenderfTer's "Great Exodus to England."] 



[ 1 7 04] Appendix. 227 

CONTINtlATIO 

PENSYLVANIyE 

Srn beiien (Ertb:(Br4n$m 

AMERICvE. 

Uber ijorige t)e« j£)erm3)a(iorit 

RdadoQcs. 
^ 3n (ic^ l)aftenb : 

SDfe Situation, un&gni*t6arteft&e« 

gluffc. :^ie 5(nja!?l bei-er bi^^erp oebauten @t4Dte, 

^i< ftltiame (ircofurrn an 2|)lerm/Big<la uab^lfiem 

JDie MiDcraiicn iinD Cfhef^ffttine ©er<o f^ngrtobmen nik 

den Bolcf er epratjen / 9l<llalon un6 6<6t<fu(fit Uaj> 

t>i< (rftro ®!$vff}ti(^tt $flan$cr sat SlQiiancc 

2^rc^Hrbef} von 

GABRIEL THOMAS 

•ajclcf;em Traacltl«in nod^ bepgefuget fmb : 

2)e^ 5tt. DANItL F A LCKNERS 

^urgcr^ unb ^ilgrim^ in Pcnfylvaoia 193. 

SBffliuirortu|ig(n u/f »org<lcate gragca ton 
gutcn Sf<Hnt)tn- _^___ 

% ^rancf fiirt unb fi.f ipug / 

3u jinten bej^Sdtbrea^ Otto/^«^ft5nblau 



Plate LV. — Title-page of Pastorius' "Continuation, 
[From Diffenderffer's " Great Exodus to England."] 



328 The Fatherland i^^o-i'joo. [1708] 



DISSERTATIOIMSTORJGO THEOLOGICA 




ENTHUSIASTiqS AK- 

GUCO BATilVlS 

CONSfiNTIENTS ^MJ^ llEVfiR^SACULTATE THEOLOGIQA 

£us MAaNmao mbct^^lx ax^^ decanali 

GRAPIANO 

PK/ESIDE 

CELLlBNTISSmO, 

DN.PETROZORNIO. 

BONARlMARTHMUA^lSTRO D^XTiRRlUO,S. S.Tm.OLO(iLt 
BACCALAUREO CB,LEBERRIM0 DIGNISSlMQ^&y 

DN^FAUTORB ACPROMOTOKE STa 

DIORUMSUORUM ^TEKNUM COLENDO 

Z>. X/X. n'yiNn ANJMO MDCCVJI, 

IN AUOiTORlO MAXIMO 

Hotit (Confyetis 

PUBLTCiE PLACIDJE^VEERUDITORUM DIS^ISITIOM! SISHT 

jOH. PHIL. SA -WART. 

** LUNEBURGENSIS. S.S.Theol.Stnd. 
Jt^;?<;r;&y,f ypjs JoH.WEPPLiNGl,SEREN.PRINC. & Acad, T>pog, 

P I ate L V i . —Specimen of ' ' Anti-Quakeriana. ' ' 



INDEX. 



Adler, 54. 

Aleazaba, Simon de, 79. 

Aleman Johann, 75 — ^Juan, 69. 

Alexander VI, Pope, 24, gives per- 
mission to print, 33. 

Amalrich, Original of America, 39. 

America, Broadsides announcing 
discovery of, 34 ; derivation of 
name, 39 ; fac-simile of passage 
where name first appears, 38 ; 
memoir on discovery of, by Dr. 
Otto, 6. 

American Philosophical Society, 6 ; 
seal of, ib. ; memoir in transac- 
tions, ib. ; quoted ib. 

Ames, William, 115. 

Amsterdam, Arms of, 115. 

Ampues, Juan de, 61. 

Anabaptists, 86. 

Anti Quakeriana, 154. 

Apianus, Peter, globus of, 40. 

Argonautica Gustaviana, 108 ; title 
page, 109. 

Arms, Columbus, 33 ; Amsterdam, 
115; Genoa, 20; Republic of 
Venice, 21 ; Portugal, 24; Royal 
of Brandenburg, 138 ; Wurtem- 
berg, 139 ; .State of Pennsylvania, 
11; Holy Roman Empire, 139; 
Hanseatic London, 16 ; Norway, 
17; Bruges, 18; Russia, 22. 

Arzt, 54. 

Astrolabe, Behaim's portable, 27 ; 
definition of, 23 ; of ancients, 24. 

Autograph, Charles V, 48. 

Augsburg (augustoe vindelacorum), 
20 ; Town Hall, 21 ; Welser 
Geselschaft of, ib. ; Golden Hall 
ib ; center of commercial activity, 
35 ; league of, 140 ; notice of, 49; 
arms, 51 ; peace of, 90. 

Aviles, Mendez de, murders Ger- 
man settlers, 91. 



B. 

Bajazet II, Sultan, 24. 

Barlow, Samuel, mss in library, 58. 

Bastidas, Roderigo, of Seville, 
finds grains of gold, 43. 

Baumgartner, 54. 

Behagel, Daniel, 123. 

Behaim, Martin, claims of, set forth 
by Dr. Otto, 6; House of, at 
Niirnberg, 14 ; Perfects Astro- 
labe, 23 ; Biography, 25 ; Com- 
mercial Seal, 26 ; Portrait, 27 ; 
Portable Astrolabe, 27 ; His 
claim for discovering America, 
28 ; Charts lead to discovery of 
Straits of Magellan, 50 ; Die 
Verdienste von, 50 ; Behaim Mat- 
thias, translates Bible, 25; IJehaim 
Michael, a Meistersanger, 25. 

Belzares, see Welser. 

Bergknappen, (German Miners) 
leave for America, 65 ; List of 
Names, 66. 

Bienewitz, Peter (Apianus), 40. 

Blome, Richard, English America, 
152, 160. 

Bockhold, Johannes, see John of 
Leyden. 

Bogota, founded by Germans, 69. 

Bohemia, Revolt in, 93. 

Bom Cornells, Missive Van, 148. 

Bonycastle, quoted, 43. 

Bowyer, Thomas, 161. 

Bradford, William, 159. 

Brandenburg, Expedition, 135 ; 
Lands on Gold Coast, 136 ; 
Returns to Germany by way of 
America and Ireland, 137; Arms, 
138. 

Brazil, German activity in, 83. 

Broadside, Early German, 34 ; 
Announcing discovery of Amer- 
ica, ib. Earliest German of 
Columbus discovery, 37. 



228 



Index. 



Buenos Ayres, German interests 

in, 83. 
Budd's "Good Order," 148. 
Buff, Dr. Adolph, illustration by, 

78. 
Burgomaster's wife at Schorndorff, 

141. 
Burgundy, Duke of, 14; Margret 

of York and, 14. 

C. 

Cao, Diogo, 27. 

Caravajal, 71. 

Casimir III, of Poland, 12. 

Cassel's Deutsche Kaiijieute, quo- 
ted, 43. 

Castellanos, Juan de, 73. 

Cathechism, Lutheran, in Indian 
Language, no; title page, in. 

Cathay, mention of, 22. 

Caton, William, 115; tracts by, 116, 

Caxton, first book, 14; Recuyell of 
Histories of Troy, ib. 

Charles I, of Spain, 48. 

Charles V, Emperor, 48 ; auto- 
graph, ib. ; negotiates loans, 49 ; 
mention, 52 ; indebtedness to 
Welser, 54; borrows from Anton 
Welser, 58 ; edict of, 62 ; grants 
to Fugger, 78, 80 ; priviledges to 
mint gold and silver money, 82 ; 
receives letter from Cortez, 89 ; 
attempts to suppress Protestant- 
ism, 96 ; abdicates 92. 

Charles VII, of France, 12; VIII, 24. 

Chili, originally a German colony, 
82 ; arms of Republic, 84. 

Christian I, of Denmark, 12; II, 48. 

Collegia, Piaetatis, 120. 

Coligny, Admiral de, founds colony 
in South Carolina, 91 

Columbus, Christopher, at Lisbon, 
28; make proposals to King John 
ib. ; autograph, 30; first letter of 
34; portrait, ib. ; arms, ib. ; discov- 
ery brings no profit to Spain, 41. 

Compass Rose, de la Cosa, 32. 

Concord (Ship) arrives at Phila- 
delphia, 125. 

Constantine, II, Emperor, 12. 

Constantinople captured by Turks, 
19 ; defence of, 19. 

Coro, Germans land at, 61 ; why 



chosen, ib. ; sketch of, 62, 65 ; 
printing press at, 68. 

Coriana, see Coro. 

Cortez, Hernando, 89. 

Cosco, Aliander de, 33. 

Cosmographiae, introductio, 36 ; 
title, 38. 

Crefeld colnoy, 125. 

Crisp, Stephen, 115 ; tract by, 116. 

Croese, Gerhard, mention of 117; 
historia quakeriana, 153 ; Ger- 
man, 154 ; English, 154. 

Cromberger, Jakob, 9; prints man- 
uel de adultos, ib. ; second work, 
ib. ; fac-simile of earliest imprint, 
10 ; mention of, 69. 

D. 

Dalfinger (Talfinger), Ambrose, 54; 

at San Domingo, 55 ; identity of, 

ib. ; governor of colony, 57, 60 ; 

lands at Coro, 61 ; death of, 69. 
Darien, gold found at, 43. 
Davis, William, 161. 
d'Avaux, 99. 

D'Invigney, mention of, 141. 
Derricks, Gertrude, m. Stephen 

Crisp, 1 16. 
Dunkers (a sect), 88. 
Dutch Colonization, 102. 

E. 

Edict of Nantes, revoked, 139. 

Effects of the great discoveries, 41. 

Ehinger, Ambrose, 54 ; see also 
Dalfiger. 

Ehinger, George, 68. 
" Hans, 44. 

" Heinrich, of ulm, 55, 58. 
Ulrich, 65, 66. 

Ehinger, arms, 56 ; negotiate with 
German miners, 61 ; royal grant 
to, 55. 

Elisabeth, Countess of Homes, 117. 

Emanuel, of Portual, confers privi- 
ledges. 43. 

Emigrants, information for, 131. 

Emperor, I, 92 ; II, ib. 

Encomiendas, system of, 81 ; pro- 
test against, ib. 

Enderlein, first German woman in 
America, 66. 

Endres, Rem and Company, 46. 



Index. 



229 



Endres and Lucas, den Remen, 46. 
Ephemerides, Regiomontanus, 23, 
27. 

F. 

Faber, Uldericus, book by, 83. 

Fac-similes, oldest American im- 
print, 10. 

Fac-similes of title pages, see ap- 
pendix. 

Falckner, Daniel, 165 ; Curiense 
Nachricht, ib. ; tract by, 166 ;Jus- 
tus, 165; missive to Germany, ib. 

Federmann, Nicolaus, 63, 65; Indi- 
anische Histona, 66 ; diary, 67 ; 
fac-simile of title, ib., 68; sec- 
ond expedition, 69, 75. 

Fehrbellin, battle of, 114. 

Female Harpies, 97. 

Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain, 24, 
29. 

Ferdinand I, Emperor 92; II, ib. 

Festschrift, fiir hrdkunde zu Ber- 
lin, 7; Hamburger, 6. 

Feyerabend, Sigismund, 83. 

Flemings (Germans), 74. 

Fort, Philip, 123. 

Fournier, Hydrographie, quoted, 27, 

Fox, George, visits Germany, 117, 
120. 

Frame, Richard, " a short descrip- 
tion," 159. 

Frank, Sebastian, 83. 

Francis, of Valvis, 48. 

Franklort-Company, 123; publishes 
tracts, 167. 

Franklin, Dr. Benjamin, presents 
paper on discovery of America, 6. 

Freiberg, Saxony, mention of, 18. 

Friederichsen, I, quoted, 6. 

Frederick III, Emperor, 12, 24 ; IV, 
elector Palatine, 92. 

Frederick Wilhelm, elector of 
Brandenburg, 134 ; plans an 
American colony, 135 ; return of 
expedition, 137 ; founding of 
Friedrich's Berg, 136. 

Frohermuth, see Hohemuth, 63. 

Fucares, etc., see Fugger. 

Fugger, Jacobus, portrait of, 50 ; 
Anton, 78 ; governor of colony, 
80 ; portrait of, 81 ; Hieronymus, 
79; Raimond, 78; (Fucares, etc.), 
45 ; family, 48, 54, 73 ; grants to, 



Furly, Benjamin, mention of, 8 ; 
postscript by, 116; notice of, 117; 
publishes Penn's tracts, 122; auto- 
graph of, 123; member of Frank- 
fort Company, ib. ; pamphlets by, 
130 ; translate's " Penn's " brief 
account, 133, 134; proposes safe 
guards for German emigrants, 
142 ; criticizes Penn's frame of 
Gov't, 143 ; objects to slavery in 
Penn's colony, 144; fac-simile, ib.; 
explanations of, to purchasers, 
147, 160. 

G. 

Gama, Vasco de, 42. 

Gelcich, losung der Behaim Frage, 
27. 

Genoese, arms, 20 ; Expelled from 
Levant, 21. 

German Merchants, Enterprise of, 
20 ; in Portugal, 43 ; grants to it, 
at Lisbon, 45 ; in America, 45 ; 
San Domingo, ib. ; list of at 
Augsburg, 54. 

German Miners (Bergknappen) 
names of, who came to America, 
66. 

Germanisches National Museum, 
14. 

Germanicus, Johannes, defends 
Constantinople, 19. 

Germans, factors in development 
of America, 4 ; discriminations 
against, by Historians, ib.; influ- 
ence over trade of the world, ib. 

German, Names hispanicized, 9 ; 
printers in America, ib.; Com- 
mercial Enterprise, 16, 17 ; Nau- 
tical Instruments, 31 ; Expedition 
to East Indies, 45 ; influence in 
America, 51 ; Names hispani- 
cized, ib. ; Earliest Colonization, 
ib. ; German Emigration, litera- 
ture used to induce, 145: First 
German Book in America, 160. 

Germany, Social Conditions of, 13; 
Secular Schools Established, 13; 
Kloster schulen in, ib. ; Devasta- 
tion of, 95. 

Ghillany, Dr. F. W., Mention of, 6; 
Geschichte des See Fahrers 
Martin Behaim, 26. 



230 



Index. 



78 ; arms of, ib ; house at Augs- 
burg, 78 ; grants to, 79 ; house at 
Levelle, 79 ; protest against slav- 
ery, 8r. 

Gindley, 30 years' war, quoted, 99. 

Giocondo, Fra Giovanne del, 36. 

Gold mines in Germany, 18; most 
profitable in the world, 18. 

Groben, Otto Friedrich von der, 

134 ; sent out with German fleet, 

135 ; establishes colony on gold 
coast, 136; return to Europe, ib.; 
publishes an account, 137. 

Griibel, Melcher, 70 ; arms, 75. 

Gundelhnger, Andreas, 68. 

Gustavus, Adolphus, King of Swe- 
den, portrait, 102 ; autograph, 
106; approves charter for Ameri- 
can colony, 106; death, ib. 

Gustav (Biorn), of Sweden, 48. 

Guttenberg discovers printing, 13. 

H. 

Haebler, Dr. Konrad von, 54, 57 ; 

quoted, 58, 82. 
Hanseatic League, 15 ; objects of, 

16; sketch of, ib.; arms London, 

ib. ; London warehouses, 17 ; 

arms Bruges, 18; privelegium to, 

by Portual, 43 
Hanseatic vessels, sail around Cape 

of Good Hope, 42. 
Hendrick, Pannebecker, quotation, 

from, 147, 
Henry VI, of England, 12 ; VIII, p, 

24, 48; the navigator (Portugal). 

23- 
Herwart, 54. 
Hispanicized names, 73. 
Hochstetter, 45, 54. 
Hohemuth, Georg (Georg von 

Speyer), 63, 68, 69 ; death of, 

69. 75- 
Hondius, Jocundus, designates the 

two Continents, 39. 
Horl, Veit, 79. 
Hudson Bay company founded on 

plan of Hanseatic factories, 15. 
Huguenot colony, 91 ; persecution 

of, 139. 
Humboldt, Baron, Alexander von, 

6 ; quoted 6 ; Kritische unter- 

suchung 6 ; Ex. Critique, 26, 28 ; 



investigations of 35; criticizes Dr. 

Otto, 36 ; quoted, 37 ; opinion of 

name America, 39. 
Hurler, Jobst von (Jobst Dutra), 25. 
Hutten, Bishop, Moritz von, 64. 
Hutten, Philipp von, 64, 68, 69; 

murder of 70; portrait 71, 75. 
Hyrssfogel, 45. 



Using, 54. 
Ini hof, 45, 54. 
ndianische, Historia (Federmann), 

66 ; title page, 67. 
Indulgence, fragment of, 47. 
Information for emigrants, 131. 
Insignia, Pennsylvania-German So- 
ciety, 7. 
Introduction, Historical, 3. 

J- 

Jacobstaflf, introduced by Behaim, 
27, 28 ; method of using, 20. 

James of Scotland, II 13; IV, 24, 48. 

Jansenism, 115. 

Jews, German, on Columbus' first 
voyage, 9. 

John II, of Portugal, 24; establishes 
Junta de Mathematics, 24. 

John, Frederick, of Saxony, 90. 

Johanus, Alburtus, of Poland, 24. 

Johannes of Denmark, 24. 

Joseph Justice, 25. 

Junto de Mathematics, 27. 

K. 

Kaufmann, frater Johannes, indul- 
gence, 47. 

Kelp of Sternberg, arms, 46. 

Kistler, Hans, 70. 

Kleinschmidt, Arthur, quoted, 49. 

Kloden v, quoted, 74. 

Klunzinger, Karl, 77. 

Knipperdolhng, 86. 

Koch, 54. 

Koler, 54 ; Hieronymus, 68. 

Konigsberg, 23. 

Koster, Henrich Bernhard, 161 ; 
tract by, ib. ; tract against, 161. 

Kretschmer, Dr. Konrad, mention 
of, 7. 

Kunstmann, oldest maps of Amer- 



Index. 



231 



ica, 40 ; "Deutsche in Portugal " 
(luoted, 24. 
Kustler, Bartolomeaus, German 
printer, 33. 



Landsknecht, picture of 52. 

Langniantel, 54. 

Las Casas, quoted, 45 ; sketch of, 
73 ; controverted, 75, 76. 

Las Indies, Spanish name for Amer- 
ica, 38. 

Laudonniere Ren^, 91. 

Laurentz, Johann, 125. 

Lebrunn, Johann, 123. 

Lebzelter, Franz, 68. 

Leo X. Pope, 48. 

Leopold, Emperor, 114. 

Lerma, Gracia de, 57. 

Leydon, John von, 86, 87. 

Limpias, Pedro de, 72. 

Louis XIV, of France, 113; orders 
devastation of Palatinate ib., and 
Wiirtemberg, 140. 

Louvois, mention of, 139. 

Ludovic II, of Hungary, 48. 

Lud. Walther, 36. 

Luther, Martin, portrait, 47. 

Lutheran Church, first, in North 
America, no. 

Lutheranism, evidences of, 75. 

Lutherans in Venezuela, 76. 

M. 

Magalhaens uses German instru- 
ment, 31 ; vessel arrives at Lis- 
bon, 58 ; cargo bought by Ger- 
mans, ib. 

ManHqh, 54. 

Manuel de Adultos, 9 ; fac-simile 
of title, 10. 

Map, Ptolomy, 13, 15, 38, 39 ; Fra 
Mauro's, 22, 23 ; orbis typus, 36 ; 
Welser posessions in S. America, 
71 ; Palatinate, 86. 

Marco Polo, mention of, 22 ; Bio- 
graphical note, 22 ; Travels, 23. 

Marcou, Jules, refuted, 39. 

Mastrich, Gerhard von, 123. 

Matthias, Emperor, 92. 

Maxniillian, Empereor, 48 ; II, 92 ; 
Duke of Bavaria, ib. 

Mayr, Hans, 45, 54. 



Mazarin, 113. 

Medieval Era, close of, 12. 

Melac, 141. 

Mennonities, 88 ; emigration, 89 ; 
secure recognition, 115 ; Penn 
preaches among, 118. 

Mercurius, Germaniae, mention of, 
106 ; title page, 107. 

Merian, Casper, 123. 

Merlau, Johanna von, 120. 

Meurs, land of, 125 ; account of, 
126. 

Mey Cornelius, 102. 

Micer de Ambrosio, see Dalfinger, 
Ambrose. 

Michaelis, Pastor, 103. 

Minuet (Minnevvit, etc.), Peter, 102; 
notice of, 103; treats with Indians, 
104 ; founds colony, 105 ; resigns 
as Dutch Commissioner, 106; en- 
ters service of Sweden, no, 112. 

Mohammed II, .Sultan, 13; portrait, 
19 ; obtains foot hold in Europe, 
19 ; sketch of, ib. 

Monathlicher, Auszug, 164. 

Musicians, German, arrive at Coro, 
68. 

N. 

Neidhardt, 54. 

Negro slaves introduced, 56, 57. 

Neusesser, Jorg, 61. 

Nicolas VI, Pope, 12. 

Niirnberg, arms of, 63; peace of, 89; 
Casimir von, 57. 

Otto, Dr. John Matthew, 5 ; sketch 
of, ib. ; memoir on discovery of 
America, 6; refuted by Spaniards, 
ib. ; incentive to Humboldt, 36 ; 
criticized, ib. 

Ortiz, Don Diego, 24. 

Oxenstjerna Axel, 108 ; autograph 
ib.; portrait, no. 

P. 

Palatinate, invasion of, 139; map 86. 
Paper, improvements in making, 

13; first mill in Europe, ib. ; from 

linen rags, ib. 
Paraguay, German interests in, 83. 
Pastorius, Daniel Francis, 156 ; 

" Four Tracts," 156 ; Kurtze Be- 

schreibung," 157; pamphlet, 161; 



232 



Index. 



7 



quoted, 123, 125 ; arrives at 
Philadelphia, ib. ; Send Brief, ib ; 
" Four Boasting Disputers Re- 
buked," ib. ; " Umstiindige Be- 
schreibung," 166. 

Pastorius, Melchior Adam, 157 ; 
" Kurcze Beschreibung." 

Paul III, Pope, aids Charles V, 90. 

Peace of Westphalia, medal of, 95; 
consumaiion of, 99. 

Peasants, Broadside, 85; title page, 
XII articles, 86 ; war, ib. ; ser- 
mon, 87. 

Penn, William, mention of, 8, 104 ; 
visits Germany, 117; "Send 
Brieff," ib. ; title page of journal, 
118; Mss. to Countess of Homes, 
119; visits Frankfort, 120; Horta- 
tory tracts, 122; portrait, 124, 
notes arrival of Germans, 125; 
seal of, ib. ; arms, 126 ; " condi- 
tions and concessions, 127 ; some 
account of province, ib. ; trans- 
lated into German and Dutch, 
128; liberty of conscience, 129; 
articles of free society of traders, 
130 ; charter to free society, 130 ; 
frame of Government, ib. ; infor- 
mation and directions to emi- 
grants, 131 ; Nader Informatie, 
132 ; brief account, 133 ; Kurtze 
Nachricht, ib. ; fundamental con- 
stitution, 143; criticized by Furly, 
ib. ; letter to free traders, 145 ; 
same in Dutch, ib. ; German, 
146 ; French, ib. ; a further ac- 
count, 148 ; same in Dutch, 149 ; 
vindication by Philip Ford, 151 ; 
by Dr. More, ib. ; some letters, 
152 ; No Cross, No Crown in 
Dutch, ib. ; frame of Govern- 
ment, 152 ; travails in Holland, 
ib. ; proposals for second settle- 
ment, 156 ; letter to King of Po- 
land, 164. 

Pennsylvania-German Society, au- 
thorizes publication of history of 
German influences in settlement 
of Pennsylvania, 7. 

Pennsylvania Magazine of History, 
quoted, 8. 

Pennsylvania, royal proclamation, 
of grant to Penn, 127. 

Pennsylvania State arms, 11. 



Pennypacker, Hon. S. W., referred 

to, 82. 
Peutinger, 54 ; Christoph, 49. 
Pfiister, 54. 
Philtus, Enthusiasticis, 154 ; title, 

155- 
Philip, Archduke, of Austria, 48. 

" von Hessen, 90. 
Pietists, edicts against, 149, 150. 
Pietism, German, 115. 
Piniel, 54. 

Plantation Work, 133. 
Polo, Marco, mention of, 41. 
Printer, first German, in America, 

68. 
Printing introduced in America by 

Germans, 9 ; invention of, 13 ; 

Guttenberg, Faust and Schof- 

fer, ib. 
Printing press at Coro, 68, 69. 
Ptolomy edition, 1508, 39. 

Q. 

Quacker greuel, title, 150. 
Quakerism, 115. 
Quakers, edicts against, 149. 
Quaker powder, 154. 
Quaker Valley (Quackerthal, Ger- 
man name for Penn's colony, 142. 
Quietism, 115. 

R. 

Raynal's History, quoted, 52. 

Recit des I'Estat, etc., 129. 

Reformation, the, 85 ; influence of, 
46. 

Regensburg, diet at, 98. 

Regiomontanus (Johannes Miiller), 
23; sketch of, ib., 25; German 
almanac, 26 ; calculations and 
tables, 26 ; Ephemerides, 27 

Rehlinger, 54. 

Reiss (Bergmeister), 61. 

Religious unrest in Germany, 114. 

Rem, 54. 
" Lucas, 44, Agent for Welser, 
46. 

Remen, des Lucas, 46. 

Rembold, Jacob, 49, 54. 

Rembold, Heinrich, 69. 71. 

Rentz, 54. 

Rentz, Sebastian, 60, 61. 

Ringmann, Matthias (Philesius), 36. 



Index. 



233 



Rio de la Platte, German activity 

on, 83. 
Robertson, Ancient India, quoted, 

18, 19, 20, 46. 
Rodrigo, 25. 
Rolf, George, 115. 
Rudolph, II, Emperor, 92. 
Ruge " Endeckungs Reise," 24. 
Ruge, Dr. Sophus, quoted, 6, 26, 

28. 
Rulers of Europe, 48, 92, 100. 
Rutter, Thomas, 161. 
Ruysch, Johann, engraves name 

America on Map, 39. 



Sachsse, E., quoted, 95. 
Safeguards for German Emigrants, 

143- 
Sailer (Seyler), Bartolomeaus, 57, 

61, 69. 
Sailer, Hieronymus, 55, 56, 58, 61. 
Sailer, Johannes, 61. 
Sanches, Raphael, Royal Treasurer 

33. 
San Domingo, Germans arrives at, 

60, 65. 
Santa Marta, Colony of, 57. 
Sarmiento, 69. 
Sayler (Sailer), 54. 
Schellenberg, 54. 
Scherr, Cultur Geschichte, 95. 
Schmalkaldic League, 90. 
Schmiedel, book by, 83. 
Schmidt, Ulrich Von Straubingen, 

book by, 83. 
Schoner, Johannes, 6r. 
Schoner, Jacob, Globus, 40. 
Schools, Secular, Established in 

Germany, 13. 
Schopperl, Sebastian, 58. 
Schott, Dr. D. Th., quoted, 6, 38, 

67, 140. 
Schutz, Johann Jacob, 123. 
Schwedentrank, 96. 
Sea-going Vessels, 1492, 31. 
Seelig, Johann Gottfried, 150 ; Mis- 
sive to Germany, ib. ; " Copia 

Eines Send Schrieben," 160. 
Seissenhoffer, Hans, 68, 69. 
Seitz, Simon, at Lisbon, 44, 45, 54, 

58. 
Separatists in Germany, 115. 



Sepulveda of Cordova, 75. 

Siger (Ciguer, Liguer), Heinrich, 

55. 58. 
Sigismundus of Poland, 48. 
Silber, Frank, printer, 33. 
Simon, Memro, 88. 
Slavery, protest against by Fugger, 

81 ; in Germantown, ib. 
Soliman of Poland II, 48. 
Spain, Royal Arms, 41 ; precarious 

condition of, 48 ; borrows from 

German Merchants, ib. 
Spener, Philip Jacob, quoted, 120; 

Portrait, 121. 
Speyer, George von, see Hohemuth 
Sprenger, Balthasar, 45. 
St. Anna, Church of, at Coro, 61. 
St. Die, press at, 36. 
Stade, Hans, book by, 84. 
Stetten, 54. 

Stone, Fdk. D., notice of, 143. 
Straits of Magellan (Fretum Bo- 

hemi), 50, 5 r. 
Strauss, George, 123. 
Strother, Ulman, Establishes first 

paper-mill in Europe, 13. 
Sweden, invades Germany, 114. 
Swedish Colonization in America, 

102. 



Talfinger, see Dalfinger. 

Ternaux, quoted, 62. 

Terra Sanctae Crucis, 35. 

Teutsche, Johannes der, John the 
German, 70. 

Thirty years war, 94 ; camp scene, 
96. 

Thomas Gabriel, account, 166. 

Tolosa, Juan Perez de, 72. 

Trent, Council of, 89. 

Tross (camp followers), 97. 

Tross Weiber, 97. 

Trautmannsdorf, Count, 99. 

"Twee Missiven " from Pennsyl- 
vania, 147. 

U. 

Uberfeldt, Johann Wilhelm, 123. 
Ungut und Pohle, printers at Se- 
ville, 33. 
Urre, Philip de, see Hutten. 
Ulm, 52 ; arms, 57. 



234 



Index. 



Usselinx, Wilhelm, 102 ; Notice of, 
103 ; leaves Dutch Service, 105, 
Enters Svvedisli Service, 106 ; 
forms Swedish West India Com- 
pany, 108. '' 



Val, Petri du, Geography, 129. 
Van de Walle, Jacob, 123, 
Venetian Galley, 44. 
Venetians, fortunes of, 20. 
Venice, Richest Community in 

Europe, 21 ; glory of departs, 43. 
Venezuela, granted to Welser, 49 ; 

Oldest Map of, 53 ; Name, 60 ; 

Arms, 76. 
Vespucci, 32 ; Mundus No vis, 35 ; 

Autograph, 42. 
Virginia, German Expedition to, 93. 
Vladislaus of Hungary, 24; of 

Bohemia, 48. 
Vohlin, Conrad, 48. 
" Katharina, 48. 
" Hans, 48, 49. 
" Konrad, 49, 54, 68. 
Vehm Gericht, 15 ; sketch of, 15. 
Verhulst, 102. 
Volmer, Dr., 99. 

Von der Hagen, Professor, deriva- 
tion of name America, 39. 
Von Murr, Diplomatische Ges- 

chichte, 26 ; quoted, 35. 

W. 

Wagenseil, quoted, 6. 

Walch, Anna Barbara, 141. 

Waldseemiiller (Hylacomus) Mar- 
tin, 36 ; biographical sketch 
of, ib. ; Cosmographiae Introduc- 
tio, ib. ; Imprint, 37, 40. 

Walther, 54 ; Canonicus, 36. 

Walther, Hieronymus, 61, 66. 

Wars of Conquest, French, 113. 

Welser, Anton, 49; Anton senior, ib. 



Welser, Anton & Company, 58 ; 
Drafts upon, 58. 

Welser (Belzaies, etc.), 73. 

" Bartolomeus, private mark, 
44 ; portrait, 55, 49 ; grant to, 54; 
Patents issued to, 55 ; Bartolo- 
meus junior, 49 ; Governor of 
Welserland, 71. 

Welser, Codex, account of, 54 ; 
quoted, 57, 72, 76, 77. 

Welser Company, develop African 
Slave trade, 60 ; agreement with 
Spain, ib.; Arms of, 65, 49. 

Welser, Christoph, 49. 

Welser family, 45, 48 ; acquire part 
of South America, 49 ; interests 
in Paraguay and Buenos Ayres, 

83- 
Welser Expedition, arrives at Coro, 

59- 

Welser gesellschaft at Augsburg, 
9, 21. 

" gesellschaft Leonhard, 49. 
" Marcus, quoted, 54; por- 
trait, 55. 

Welser, Johann Michael Anton, 
compiles family history, 49. 

Welserland, 49 ; Name of, 56 ; Ex- 
pedition to, 56 ; bounds of, 58 ; 
Story of, 65. 

Welserziige in America, quoted, 
46, 49, 61. 

West India Companies, loi ; Dutch 
102, 105. 

Westphalia, Secret tribunal of, 15. 

Weyerman, quoted, 54. 

Winsor, Justin, quoted, 28, 38. 

Wiirtemberg, devastation of, 113; 
Royal Arms, e39 ; Invasion, 139. 

Wylich, Thomas von, 123. 



Zimmermann's Political Survey, 18. 
Zipango, Mention of, 22, 41. 

































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